暴力视频游戏中不同攻击动机对玩家攻击性的影响

分别采用词汇按键反应任务和EAST范式测查了攻击性认知的流畅性和内隐攻击性评价,旨在考察游戏中攻击动机对攻击性的影响,结果发现：暴力视频游戏的影响效应不仅与暴力内容有关,还受制于攻击动机和玩家的暴力游戏经验;且长期玩暴力游戏会使被试对暴力产生脱敏,表现为攻击性认知的流畅性低,对攻击的评价更积极。本研究表明,暴力视频游戏对个体攻击性的影响需综合考虑多种因素。     

目标与非目标身份特征的范畴间差异对多身份追踪的促进作用

以数字和字母为实验材料, 考察了多身份追踪任务中目标与非目标的身份特征范畴性差异对目标追踪与身份识别的影响, 并探讨了其可能的认知加工机制。实验1A让被试追踪5个目标, 并操作目标与非目标的身份特征从无差异(目标与非目标为相同的数字)、范畴内差异(目标与非目标为各不相同的数字)到范畴间差异(目标为各不相同的数字, 非目标为各不相同的字母)变化, 发现随着目标与非目标差异水平的提高, 追踪正确率也显著提高。实验1B通过变化追踪目标数量为4和5操作追踪负荷, 发现中等负荷条件下(目标数量为5)实验结果与实验1A相同, 即目标与非目标身份特征的范畴内差异和范畴间差异均可促进追踪表现。实验2考察了目标与非目标身份特征的范畴间差异水平对追踪表现与身份识别的影响。结果发现随着范畴间差异水平的提高, 被试的追踪表现与身份识别表现都得到了显著提高, 但身份识别表现低于追踪表现。对可能解释以上现象的工作记忆理论、分组理论以及多身份追踪模型进行了分析讨论。     

感同身受的社会痛苦：来自神经影像学的证据

社会痛苦是指个体感觉到被渴望的社会关系排斥或者被重要他人和群体贬损时表现出的一种特定的负性情绪反应。对于社会痛苦的神经生理机制的探讨已成为当前研究的重点, 研究者主要从个体经历社会排斥、目睹他人被社会排斥(共情)时的神经活动来解释社会痛苦的神经生理机制。社会痛苦受到依恋、自尊等因素的影响。未来可从探讨社会痛苦在不同年龄阶段的神经机制和探索社会痛苦与人格障碍之间的关系两个方面展开进一步的探究。     

Confucianism as canonic culture

The present article is inspired by Liu's ( 2017 ) idea on how Asian philosophy can, in general, and Confucianism, in particular, contribute to psychological science and practice. We first clarify potential misunderstandings of Liu's ( 2017 ) paper as a theoretical argument for indigenous psychology or as a debate on philosophy or the philosophy of science. To interpret and develop Liu's idea, we then conceptualize the concept of culture as canonic (abstract, philosophical and as it appears in classical books or articles) vs. popular (concrete, experiential and as it appears in people's daily lives). Further, since Liu's main point is about canonic rather than popular culture, we focus on canonic culture and propose three principles of it, namely the principle of diversity, the principle of hermeneutics and the principle of inspiration. These principles respectively reveal the characteristics, the interpretation process and the beneficial function of a canonic culture like Confucianism.     

攻击性和自尊关系的元分析

以往攻击性和自尊之间关系的研究结论存在很大分歧。为了综合以往研究,明确两者之间的整体关系,分析造成分歧的原因,81项原始研究进入了元分析。结果显示:(1)攻击性和自尊呈中等程度的负相关。(2)自尊的不同结构与不同类型的攻击性呈现不同的相关模式。攻击性与外显自尊和内隐自尊呈负相关;攻击性与自尊稳定性和相倚性呈正相关(3)年级和攻击性量表类型的调节效应显著。攻击性与高自尊异质性之间的关系是将来研究的重点。     

品牌依恋:理论、测量及与相关变量的关系

品牌依恋是消费心理学和营销领域的重要概念。在理论层面,它描述了品牌与消费者之间的关系,可以有效预测消费者的行为。在应用层面,品牌依恋可以反映营销方案对产品销售的促进作用,因此也受到营销管理者的密切关注。在广泛考察已有文献,特别是近10年国内外文献的基础上,本文对品牌依恋的概念、测量方法、理论模型、影响因素和结果变量、以及与相关变量的辨析等进行了梳理,也对国内品牌依恋的相关研究进行了介绍。最后,未来的品牌依恋的研究应从三个方面开展,包括整合理论观点、提高外部效度和考察文化差异。     

Phobic anxiety in 11 nations. Part I: Dimensional constancy of the five-factor model

The Fear Survey Schedule-III (FSS-III) was administered to a total of 5491 students in Australia, East Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Spain, Sweden, and Venezuela, and submitted to the multiple group method of confirmatory analysis (MGM) in order to determine the cross-national dimensional constancy of the five-factor model of self-assessed fears originally established in Dutch, British, and Canadian samples. The model comprises fears of bodily injury-illness-death, agoraphobic fears, social fears, fears of sexual and aggressive scenes, and harmless animals fears. Close correspondence between the factors was demonstrated across national samples. In each country, the corresponding scales were internally consistent, were intercorrelated at magnitudes comparable to those yielded in the original samples, and yielded (in 93% of the total number of 55 comparisons) sex differences in line with the usual finding (higher scores for females). In each country, the relatively largest sex differences were obtained on harmless animals fears. The organization of self-assessed fears is sufficiently similar across nations to warrant the use of the same weight matrix (scoring key) for the FSS-III in the different countries and to make cross-national comparisons feasible. This opens the way to further studies that attempt to predict (on an a priori basis) cross-national variations in fear levels with dimensions of national cultures.     

Neural correlates of Pavlovian conditioning in components of the neural network supporting ciliary locomotion in Hermissenda

Pavlovian conditioning in Hermissenda consists of pairing light, the conditioned stimulus (CS) with activation of statocyst hair cells, the unconditioned stimulus (US). Conditioning produces CS-elicited foot shortening and inhibition of light-elicited locomotion, the two conditioned responses (CRs). Conditioning correlates have been identified in the primary sensory neurons (photoreceptors) of the CS pathway, interneurons that receive monosynaptic input from identified photoreceptors, and putative pedal motor neurons. While cellular mechanisms of acquisition produced by the synaptic interaction between the CS and US pathways are well-documented, little is known about the mechanisms responsible for the generation or expression of the CR. Here we show that in conditioned animals light reduced tonic firing of ciliary activating pedal neurons (VP1) below their pre-CS baseline levels. In contrast, pseudorandom controls expressed a significant increase in CS-elicited tonic firing of VP1 as compared to pre-CS baseline activity. Identified interneurons in the visual pathway that have established polysynaptic connections with VP1 were examined in conditioned animals and pseudorandom controls. Depolarization of identified type I_e interneurons with extrinsic current elicited a significant increase in IPSPs recorded in VP1 pedal neurons of conditioned animals as compared with pseudorandom controls. Conditioning also enhanced intrinsic excitability of type I_e interneurons of conditioned animals as compared to pseudorandom controls. Light evoked a modest increase in IPSP frequency in VP1 of conditioned preparations and a significant decrease in IPSP frequency in VP1 of pseudorandom controls. Our results show that a combination of synaptic facilitation and intrinsic enhanced excitability in identified components of the CS pathway may explain light-elicited inhibition of locomotion in conditioned animals.     

从世界到生活形式--维特根斯坦前后期哲学转变原因探析

一般认为,维特根斯坦前后期哲学转变的原因是语言观的变化。本文结合维特根斯坦跨越两种哲学传统的背景,认为哲学转变的根本原因是由于前期本体论的内在缺陷而导致的本体论变化,维特根斯坦前期哲学本体论只局限于可说的“世界”,而不可说的神秘之物则被排除在世界之外,这与维特根斯坦珍视神秘之物的初衷相悖,这种内在矛盾促成了前期本体论向后期本体论的转变,这一转变的重大意义在于后期本体论消泯了可说与不可说的界限,是人类社会实践的坚实基础。     

寻找自我：自我相关物主代词的编码与theta节律的活动*

之前的相关研究表明相位锁定的脑电活动调节自我相关物主代词的认知加工。然而,非相位锁定的神经震荡是否参与自我相关物主代词的加工目前还不清楚。为了考察非相位锁定的神经震荡在自我相关物主代词加工中的功能性意义,我们要求被试完成一个标准/偏差刺激辨别任务,同时记录其脑电活动。小波分析的结果发现相对于非自我相关物主代词“他的”,自我相关物主代词“我的”引发了更大的 theta 频带(4~8 Hz)能量活动,这表明 theta 波的活动对自我相关信息加工中脑的大范围神经同步形成的功能性神经网络起着一个很重要的作用。