眼睛效应不稳定与感知规范：一个新视角

眼睛效应指人们面对眼睛或类似眼睛的图案时会发生行为改变的现象。但是, 眼睛效应的稳健性备受争议, 主要有4种观点：促使人们更亲社会、更遵守社会规范、降低反社会行为、无效果。结合规范错觉和创新扩散理论, 基于感知规范的视角, 当感知亲社会规范流行程度较高时, 眼睛效应既会“促进亲社会行为”或“促进人们遵守社会规范”, 也会“降低反社会行为”; 但当感知亲社会规范流行程度较低时, 眼睛效应对一些反社会行为“无效果”; 当规范错觉较大且无规范干预时, 眼睛效应同样对一些反社会行为无效果。因此, 将以上4种争议观点整合为“不同感知规范条件下的眼睛效应”, 揭示了眼睛效应不稳定的原因, 为未来实证研究和实践应用提供理论基础。     

Odor preference learning and memory modify GluA1 phosphorylation and GluA1 distribution in the neonate rat olfactory bulb: testing the AMPA receptor hypothesis in an appetitive learning model

An increase in synaptic AMPA receptors is hypothesized to mediate learning and memory. AMPA receptor increases have been reported in aversive learning models, although it is not clear if they are seen with memory maintenance. Here we examine AMPA receptor changes in a cAMP/PKA/CREB-dependent appetitive learning model: odor preference learning in the neonate rat. Rat pups were given a single pairing of peppermint and 2 mg/kg isoproterenol, which produces a 24-h, but not a 48-h, peppermint preference in the 7-d-old rat pup. GluA1 PKA-dependent phosphorylation peaked 10 min after the 10-min training trial and returned to baseline within 90 min. At 24 h, GluA1 subunits did not change overall but were significantly increased in synaptoneurosomes, consistent with increased membrane insertion. Immunohistochemistry revealed a significant increase in GluA1 subunits in olfactory bulb glomeruli, the targets of olfactory nerve axons. Glomerular increases were seen at 3 and 24 h after odor exposure in trained pups, but not in control pups. GluA1 increases were not seen as early as 10 min after training and were no longer observed 48 h after training when odor preference is no longer expressed behaviorally. Thus, the pattern of increased GluA1 membrane expression closely follows the memory timeline. Further, blocking GluA1 insertion using an interference peptide derived from the carboxyl tail of the GluA1 subunit inhibited 24 h odor preference memory providing causative support for our hypothesis. PKA-mediated GluA1 phosphorylation and later GluA1 insertion could, conjointly, provide increased AMPA function to support both short-term and long-term appetitive memory.     

A habituation account of change detection in same/different judgments

We investigated the basis of change detection in a short-term priming task. In two experiments, participants were asked to indicate whether or not a target word was the same as a previously presented cue. Data from an experiment measuring magnetoencephalography failed to find different patterns for “same” and “different” responses, consistent with the claim that both arise from a common neural source, with response magnitude defining the difference between immediate novelty versus familiarity. In a behavioral experiment, we tested and confirmed the predictions of a habituation account of these judgments by comparing conditions in which the target, the cue, or neither was primed by its presentation in the previous trial. As predicted, cue-primed trials had faster response times, and target-primed trials had slower response times relative to the neither-primed baseline. These results were obtained irrespective of response repetition and stimulus–response contingencies. The behavioral and brain activity data support the view that detection of change drives performance in these tasks and that the underlying mechanism is neuronal habituation.     

“疑难杂症”与医学模式

那些长期困扰患者和医生、查不出病因又久治不愈的病症,被称为“疑难杂症”;然而部分“疑难杂症”并非真正的疑难杂症,而是在诊治疾病的过程中所用医学模式出现了问题,医生往往局限于生物医学模式,忽略患者的心理、社会因素。因此,医学模式应该从实际工作中进行转变,而不能仅仅局限于理论上。笔者就临床常见的“怪”现象、医疗对象的复杂性...     

从文化融合看儒学分期

牟宗三的儒学三期说、李泽厚的四期说和黄玉顺的新三期说,都是依据某种儒家形而上学的立场给儒学分期,都主张判教,这有悖于文明对话的时代.文明对话势必导致多元文化的相互融合.如果从文明对话、文化融合的角度给儒学分期,则能更好地明确中国文化当下的任务,汲取前两期儒学的经验与教训,处理好内圣与外王的关系,从信仰到文物典章制度,民力国力、技术器物应用的全面复兴中国文化,中国人期盼着儒学能如是展开,成就自己的第三期.     

公正与关怀——民生制度与实践的伦理原则

从伦理学的视角来看,民生包含三个方面的内涵:一是公民根基性的"生存",二是公民尊严性的"生活",三是公民理想性的"好的生活".基于对中国当下民生的现状及问题的全面把握,政府在民生制度和民生实践中首先应遵循刚性的公正原则,它既能够一般地解决资源供给的有限与人的欲望的无限之间的冲突,又能有效地解决当下民生中的突出问题.但公正原则的普遍性和抽象性决定了它无法惠及每一特殊个体的需求,强调具体性、关系性、情境性、理解与关爱的关怀原则可以弥补这一缺陷.因此,以刚性的"公正"与柔性的"关怀"为伦理原则的民生制度与民生实践,将最终引领全体公民过上他们所珍视的和值得过的"好的生活".     

重释“宗教”:史密斯对于宗教概念的消解

史密斯质疑宗教概念的普遍有效性,从词源学和观念史角度对宗教的含义及其变迁作了历史考察,指出它不过是西方近代文明的一个产物,并不适合解释其他文明的生活传统,主张用信仰和累积的传统两个独立的概念取而代之。依据这一概念框架来解释儒家传统会消除一些困难。     

买卖交易中谈判者角色影响谈判结果的机制

现实生活中的谈判通常发生在特定的社会情境中, 谈判者也总在扮演着某种角色。本研究探索了买卖交易谈判中谈判者角色影响谈判结果的作用机制。研究提出了一个关于谈判者角色诱发框架效应的理论模型, 然后通过两个模拟谈判实验对这一模型进行验证。实验1表明, 买家知觉到的馅饼大于卖家知觉到的馅饼, 且谈判者知觉到的馅饼在谈判者角色与谈判者绩效间起部分中介作用。实验2发现, 即使保留买家与卖家的角色标签, 如果剥离了金钱作为交易介质这一重要特征, 两个谈判角色知觉到的馅饼也没有差异。研究揭示了谈判者角色影响谈判结果的作用机制, 对谈判者如何利用情境因素取得更好的谈判结果具有实践意义。     

科学的技术与经验的技术——兼论中西医学的差异

一、科学的技术与经验的技术对于技术,学界有多种理解。本文直接采用笔者在《从太和殿的建造看经验、技术和科学的关系》一文中对技术的定义:技术是为达到特定目的而采用的有效手段和方法。它包括工具(包括人自身)和对工具的运用(技能、操作规则)(田松,1997年,第256页);并根据来源将技术简单地分为两类:科学的技术和经验的技术。其中技术的两项基本元素工具和技能,借鉴了     

威尔豪森的来源批判及其圣经诠释

威尔豪森在其《以色列史绪论》中提出著名的来源批判理论。本文论述了这一诠释方法提出的背景以及主要内容,也探讨了威尔豪森的来源批判及其对以色列史的重构,评述了威尔豪森之来源批判所面临的挑战及其对圣经研究的贡献。