Identifying Variables Responsible for Data not Missing at Random

When data are not missing at random (NMAR), maximum likelihood (ML) procedure will not generate consistent parameter estimates unless the missing data mechanism is correctly modeled. Understanding NMAR mechanism in a data set would allow one to better use the ML methodology. A survey or questionnaire may contain many items; certain items may be responsible for NMAR values in other items. The paper develops statistical procedures to identify the responsible items. By comparing ML estimates (MLE), statistics are developed to test whether the MLEs are changed when excluding items. The items that cause a significant change of the MLEs are responsible for the NMAR mechanism. Normal distribution is used for obtaining the MLEs; a sandwich-type covariance matrix is used to account for distribution violations. The class of nonnormal distributions within which the procedure is valid is provided. Both saturated and structural models are considered. Effect sizes are also defined and studied. The results indicate that more missing data in a sample does not necessarily imply more significant test statistics due to smaller effect sizes. Knowing the true population means and covariances or the parameter values in structural equation models may not make things easier either. The research was supported by NSF grant DMS04-37167, the James McKeen Cattell Fund.     

组织学习动力研究

本文以协调博弈原理为基础,系统分析了组织学习中微观个体层面和宏观组织层面的学习动力性质和相互关系,尝试提出了刻画宏观组织层面学习动力状态的理论和方法,并据此建立了协调组织学习动力的三维整合模型。     

语言理解中的动作知觉：基于具身认知的视角

具身认知理论是目前认知科学领域中最新的研究范式和取向, 它认为人的认知过程依赖于感知和动作系统, 强调身体在认知中发挥重要作用。具身语言理解则认为, 身体、动作和知觉系统在语言认知中也起着不可或缺的作用。文章在简要回顾具身语言理解的相关理论如索引假设、浸入式经历者框架、语言神经理论的基础上, 重点从语言理解的四个层面的实证研究, 即音位、单词、句子、语篇, 证实具身语言理解的观点。未来的研究应该着眼于用具身认知观点来解释更高级的抽象语言表征, 具身单词、句子、语篇的具体表征形式, 并利用具身语言认知的观点进行认知的本土化研究。     

社会排斥对青少年自伤的影响:羞耻感的中介和认知重评的调节

通过3个行为实验考察了社会排斥对青少年自伤的影响。实验1发现,社会排斥和自伤经历能明显增加青少年的自伤时长(假设1);实验2进一步验证假设1,并验证了羞耻感的中介作用(假设2);实验3验证了认知重评对羞耻感中介效应的调节作用(假设3)。结果表明,社会排斥通过诱发羞耻感影响青少年自伤,但采用认知重评的情绪管理策略能够有效阻断羞耻感的中介作用。本研究为青少年自伤的认知干预提供了有力的实证支持。     

摄论学派与智顗教观思想的形成

智顗教观思想的形成,摄论学派是重要来源之一。智顗将《摄论》置于"别教"对摄论学派的思想进行吸收与批判。从心识论来说,智顗认为心、意、识三者的关系是"一法论三,三即是一",用三轨来解释阿摩罗识、阿黎耶识、阿陀那识。但是,从止观的实践与"非三非一"对摄论学派给予批判。从止观的体系来说,我们推测《摩诃止观》的"十广"、《次第禅门》的"十章",都有可能受到《摄论》的影响。智顗以三轨解释真谛三藏的一乘三义。同时,在佛身论方面,智顗批判真谛的三身是"别教",主张三身皆是真实;而且,他还引用真谛的"如如如如智"来解释三身。     

品牌印象结构及其测量研究

品牌印象是消费者基于对品牌信息的感知和体验而在头脑中留下的品牌部分或整体信息。在文献研究和关键事件访谈的基础上,通过筛选条目、形成初步问卷、预测验和正式测验等程序,经探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析,重测信度、聚合效度、辨别效度、法则效度和效标关联效度等检验,发现全方位的品牌印象由品牌质量印象、品牌传播印象、品牌服务印象和品牌价格印象等四个维度构成。用于测量品牌印象的多维量表、各维单项目量表和单项目量表均具有较好的信度和效度。     

留守儿童心理虐待与攻击行为：心理弹性和人际敏感的链式中介作用

为探究留守儿童心理虐待与攻击行为之间相关关系,采用修订后的儿童心理虐待量表、留守儿童心理弹性问卷、SCL-90中的人际关系敏感分量表和Buss-Perry攻击行为量表对754名留守儿童进行调查。结果发现：（1）心理虐待对留守儿童心理弹性具有显著负向预测作用,对人际敏感和攻击行为具有显著正向预测作用。（2）心理弹性和人际敏感分别在心理虐待与攻击行为之间起到部分中介作用。（3）心理弹性和人际敏感在心理虐待与攻击行为之间起到链式中介作用。     

从热力学角度审视和研究亚健康

从中医学及其与热力学的关联分析角度来认识亚健康的现象和实质."整体观念,以平为期"是中医学与热力学共同的理论基础.亚健康是人体处于"无序"的熵增状态,亚健康的干预就是人体从外界吸收"负熵流",降低系统紊乱度,从而达到新的有序状态,恢复健康.亚健康状态可以用热力学基本状态函数刻画,运用中医学的思维模式和热力学的研究方法,可构建基于热力学的亚健康诊断方法,进而为亚健康研究提供一个新的视角.     

Young children's self‐benefiting lies and their relation to executive functioning and theory of mind

It is well established that children lie in different social contexts for various purposes from the age of 2 years. Surprisingly, little is known about whether very young children will spontaneously lie for personal gain, how self‐benefiting lies emerge, and what cognitive factors affect the emergence of self‐benefiting lies. To bridge this gap in the literature, we situated children between 2 and 4 years of age in a zero‐sum game where children must lie to their opponent if they wanted to win a desirable reward. We found that the majority of young children did not lie even when they experienced personal losses repeatedly. However, some children spontaneously lied during the game; as the game progressed, more children lied. Further, we found that children's theory of mind understanding and executive functioning in terms of a combination of inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility had significant positive and unique correlations with how frequently children lied for personal gain. The present results taken together with the existing findings regarding children's lies for self‐protection and politeness purposes suggest that the act of lying begins early in life. Further, its emergence and development are influenced by children's specific cognitive abilities in the domains of theory of mind understanding and executive functioning.

Highlights

• The study investigated whether very young children will spontaneously lie for personal gain.
• This study used a zero‐sum game to elicit children's self‐benefiting lies. Results showed the majority of young children did not lie, and it is related to children's theory of mind understanding and executive functioning.
• The act of lying begins early in life, and its emergence and development are influenced by children's specific cognitive abilities in the domains of theory of mind understanding and executive functioning.

     

基督教的传播与罗马帝国统治者的因应对策

罗马帝国统治者以政治标准和实用态度裁决基督教,从视为犹太教的一个小教派予以默认,到将其视为一种非法的宗教加以迫害,再到承认其合法性,都是基于统治者的利益和政治的现实需要而调整,最终基督教提升为国教。罗马帝国的基督教政策为未来的国家统治者干涉教会事务确定了先例,对中世纪西欧政教关系的格局产生了深远影响。