幼儿对生气和伤心情绪倾向同伴的接受性比较

本研究通过生气-伤心两可情景,考察了116名4~6岁幼儿对生气和伤心倾向同伴的认知偏好,并通过二选一的封闭式访谈考察幼儿对生气和伤心情绪结果的理解,以反映幼儿的偏好原因。结果表明:①从认知上看,相比生气倾向的同伴,幼儿更偏好伤心倾向的同伴。②5岁、6岁组幼儿比4岁组幼儿更偏好伤心倾向的同伴。③在情绪结果理解上,幼儿认为生气引发他人更多的远离,伤心引发他人更多的目标恢复、道歉和趋近。可见,生气倾向的幼儿比伤心倾向的幼儿更不被同伴接受。     

Bicultural mind, self-construal, and self- and mother-reference effects: Consequences of cultural priming on recognition memory

Two experiments showed that American (vs. Chinese) culture priming influences Beijing Chinese undergraduates’ self-construal and its attendant memory strategies. Following American culture priming (vs. Chinese culture priming or control), the participants used relatively more independent self-statements and fewer interdependent self-statements to describe the self (Experiment 1). They also performed more poorly in a delayed recognition test if they had encoded the study materials (personality adjectives) with reference to the mother (Experiment 2). These results demonstrate the activation effect of culture on self-construal and its attendant memory processes. The results also show that biculturals can access different cultural conceptions of the self and change cognitive strategies flexibly in response to cues of changing cultural demands in the immediate context.     

优生和差生FOK判断发展的实验研究

本研究用使用RJR研究范式,对小学五年级、初中一年级和高中一年级优生和差生的FOK判断进行探讨。结果发现:优生的FOK判断发展水平高于差生的。优生和差生的FOK判断发展均存在关键期,且优生的关键期早于差生的。优生FOK判断发展的关键期是在小学五年级与初一之间;差生FOK判断发展的关键期是在初一年级与高一年级之间。     

如何评价哮喘动物模型

鉴于人体研究的局限性,动物模型在哮喘研究中起了无可替代的作用.尤其在阐明哮喘的病理生理和免疫学机制方面,动物研究可以给我们提供人体研究难以得到的结果.但是,由于人类与动物之间存在的差别,动物模型的研究结果应用于人类时还需要进一步评估.本文将对哮喘动物模型在哮喘研究中的作用及其局限性作一介绍.     

从结构主义到后结构主义（上）

我们把读者的记忆倒退20多年前,当二十世纪八十年代初中国开始介绍法国结构主义时,在它的故乡,这种哲学方法已经渐渐被后结构主义或解构主义所取代.令人遗憾的是,多年来国内对结构主义的研究一直没有真正的展开,总体上仍然限于翻译和一般性介绍,对于其对西方传统哲学乃至文明的颠覆作用一直缺少准确意义上的理解,这种偏差源于结构主义奠基于与我们的象形文字并不一致的索绪尔语言学理论,使我们从汉字文化角度理解它非常困难.     

The Gender Ratio of Chinese Suicide Rates: An Explanation in Confucianism

The gender (male to female) ratio of the Chinese suicide rates is different from those found in the rest of the world. None of the other societies with known suicide data has had female suicide rates higher than those for the males. While we investigate the factors that contribute to the relatively high suicide rates for Chinese women, we also need to ask what makes the relatively low suicide rates for Chinese men. In this study we try to examine some social and cultural variables in rural Chinese youths in order to identify the factors that account for the relatively low rate for men and relatively high rate for women. In rural China, 392 suicides (both men and women) aged 14–35 years consecutively sampled from 16 counties of three provinces were studied with 416 community living controls of the same age range and from the same locations. Case–control psychological autopsy method was used for the data collection. It is found that believing in Confucianism and being married are both protecting the rural young men from suicide, while the two same variables are either risk or non-protecting factors for the Chinese rural young women’s suicide. In rural China, social structure and culture may play an even more important role determining a society’s suicide rates as well as the gender ratios. Thus, suicide prevention may need to include culture specific measures.     

1例晚期肿瘤患者宁养服务浅谈

通过提供居家宁养护理指导和心理疏导的方法,为晚期癌症患者提供身、心、灵全方位的照顾,从而提高晚期癌症患者的生活质量。通过对1例晚期肿瘤患者进行症状控制、护理指导、心理疏导、灵性沟通,该晚期肿瘤患者及家属的自身照顾能力提高,晚期肿瘤患者在生命末期的生活质量有所提高,最终达到善终。身心灵的照顾在宁养服务中起重要作用,有利于患者生活质量的提高,但仍要根据患者的个体特点并掌握一定技巧。     

护士工作要求-资源问卷的编制

目的：探讨护士群体面临哪些工作要求和工作资源,为护士预防工作倦怠提供依据.方法：对120名护士初始测试后进行探索性因素分析,然后对360名护士正式测验结果进行验证性因素分析.结果：探索性因素分析结果表明,护士工作要求问卷包括工作量、倒班、情感要求、环境、心理和时间六个因素;护士工作资源问卷包括社会支持、奖励、技能多样性、工作控制和决策参与五个因素.验证性因素分析结果表明,护士工作要求问卷所提取的六个因素、工作资源问卷所提取的五个因素与构想模型拟合较好.结论：护士工作要求-资源问卷具有良好的信度和效度.     

The counselor perspective on the use of directives in counseling in China: Are directives different in China as in the United States?

Eight Chinese counselors were interviewed about their use of directives in counseling. They typically believed that directives can be beneficial in counseling Chinese clients. They used directives to extend the influence of counseling beyond sessions, meet client needs and expectations, and fit their own personality and orientation. In terms of conditions that need to be met for directives to be helpful, they identified client factors such as readiness, communication styles, past experience, and insight; the counselor factor of ability to communicate directives; and the therapeutic relationship. They emphasized the importance of clients acquiring a new perspective as a result of directives. Cultural factors in using directives are discussed.