工作分析的工具及其选择策略

政治、经济和科学技术的急剧变化与发展对工作的性质产生了重大的影响.本文以工作性质的变迁为背景,结合文献深入探讨了工作分析诸工具的特点和效能,并就工作分析工具的选择问题提出了考虑信息的最终用途、考虑选定方法的成本效益、确保信息的可靠性与可接受性、定期回顾与适时更新以及综合应用与扬长避短等5项建议.     

基于两水平回归模型的调节效应分析及其效应量

使用多元回归法进行调节效应分析在社科领域已常有应用。简述了目前多元回归法的调节效应分析存在的不足,包括人为变换检验模型、自变量和调节变量区分不足、误差方差齐性的假设难以满足、调节效应量指标ΔR²没有直接测量调节变量对自变量与因变量关系的调节程度。比较好的方法是用两水平回归模型进行调节效应分析并使用相应的效应量指标。在介绍新方法和新效应量后,总结出一套调节效应的分析流程,通过一个例子来演示如何用Mplus软件进行两水平回归模型的调节效应及其效应量分析。最后讨论了两水平回归模型的调节效应分析的发展,包括稳健的调节效应分析、潜变量的调节效应分析、有调节的中介效应分析和有中介的调节效应分析等。     

网络技术与后现代哲学

一网络技术:"不像"对于"像"的挑战 "网络"或"互联网"是当代科学技术成果,一种发明,来自于想象和需要,像从前人类曾经有过的所有技术一样,人类技术发明的动机是为了自己的方便,比如人们不满意用脚走路,于是就发明了轮子.但是轮子和脚的模样一点也不相像.同样的道理,无论互联网是否曾经受到蜘蛛网的启发,互联网与蜘蛛网也不相像.     

Theoretical and methodological approaches to apparent movement of short-range process and pattern perception

A variable raster and vector display processor interfaced with a PDP-11/23 computer is briefly described. Several experiments using random-dot cinematograms (RDCs) (raster display) and line segments (vector display) are discussed. The experiments on cooperative processes of apparent movement of RDCs and spatial-frequency-filtered RDCs showed that the average cooperative neighborhood of neural interaction is about 15 min arc of visual angle. In pattern perception, based on Julesz’s texton theory (1981) and Shaw’s attention model (1980), this study showed that the aperture of attention in serial and parallel processing is a function of feature gradient, set size, and eccentricity.     

Effects of implicit memory on explicit recall: Set size and word-frequency effects

PIER was designed to explain findings related to tasks involving an encoding phase and a testing phase in which retrieval cues prime the recovery of what has been encoded. The model assumes that retrieval cues initiate the sampling of associated memories linked to the encoded information and that sampled memories are subjected to a recognition check to determine whether they meet criteria specified by the purpose of the retrieval. The model explains how the number of implicitly activated associates linked to a studied word affects its later recovery and predicts that words infrequently experienced will be recovered with greater likelihood than words frequently experienced. This prediction was tested and confirmed in two experiments in which the associative set size and the frequency of the studied words were manipulated. Implications for the study of implicit memory are considered.     

三、四岁儿童数概念形成过程中的几个問題

在观察小学一年級算术成績落后学生智力活动的过程中发現,学生在学前期对数的某些基本概念未切实掌握是造成成績落后的原因。然而,数概念的形成在哪一个年龄开始才有实际可能性,其形成的过程怎样,在理論上和实践上是有待解决的重要問題。 教学改革以前,一般人认为,幼儿是以具体形象思維为其特点的,数是抽象的概念,因     

小学儿童分析、概括和辨认汉字字形能力的发展研究 Ⅰ.在速示条件下辨认字形能力的发展

問题 过去,在調查研究中我們曾获得印象,孰为儿童掌握生字有一个摸索过程,到一定时候量变引起了貭变,儿童仿佛“开窍”了,有了一套掌握生字的方法。最近,在研究速示条件下儿童辨认汉字的能力时,同样发現一、二年級之间可能有一个汉字辨孰能力的轉折点。我們初步的設想是:这个轉折点的产生不会单純由于儿童知觉能力的发展,更重要的原因可能是儿童分析概括汉字字形能力的增进。換句話說,儿童不再是一个个地孤     

高技术知识员工压力来源的比较研究

本文以上海高技术组织中本地知识员工和外地知识员工作为对比样本,进行两类人群在压力感知和压力来源的差异性分析.研究表明:上海本地高技术知识员工与外地知识员工在压力感知程度上没有显著差异,而在"工作负荷"、"成就动机"、"文化适应"和"工作/家庭平衡"等四个压力来源因素上具有显著差异;地域来源与年龄、学历程度对压力感知具有不同程度的交互作用.     

Assumed similarity in personality within intimate relationships

Assumed similarity is the tendency to assume that another person is similar to oneself. The present studies examined assumed similarity in intimate relationships regarding the HEXACO personality traits in Denmark (N = 93) and China (N = 236). Specifically, these studies hypothesized that people assume higher similarity with their intimate partners in Honesty‐Humility and Openness to Experience compared to the other four HEXACO traits (Emotionality, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness). Results from both studies indicate that assumed similarity was higher in Honesty‐Humility compared to Emotionality, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. However, assumed similarity in Openness was higher compared to Emotionality and Conscientiousness only. Supplementary analyses indicate no cultural differences between Denmark and China in assumed similarity in Honesty‐Humility and Openness.     

Perceiving high social mindfulness during interpersonal interaction promotes cooperative behaviours

Social mindfulness refers to individual's respect and protection of others’ options in interpersonal interaction. The object‐choosing task is a traditional paradigm to assess social mindfulness. Individuals with high social mindfulness would choose the nonunique object so that others would have more options; on the contrary, individuals with low social mindfulness would choose the unique object, which limits others’ choices. No prior study has examined whether perceiving people with different levels of social mindfulness affects one's cooperation. Based on this background, two experiments were conducted to address this question. In both experiments, a confederate participant's (Player A's) social mindfulness was manipulated by setting the frequency that Player A chose the unique and the nonunique objects. Then, participants were asked to interact with Player A in the public goods game (Experiment 1) or in the centipede game (Experiment 2). Convergent results showed that compared to those interacting with a socially unmindful person, participants interacting with a person perceived as socially mindful contributed more resources in the public goods game and chose to pass on more rounds in the centipede game. These findings suggest that perception of others’ high social mindfulness enhances one's own cooperative behaviour.