我所说的科学唯物主义

“唯物主义”一词含义模糊:它既指一种道德学说,又指一种哲学,并且确实指一种完整的世界观。道德唯物主义相当于快乐主义,或相当于那种让人们仅仅追求自身快乐的学说。哲学唯物主义认为,实在的世界完全是由物质的东西构成的。从逻     

生态哲学

生态学是一门研究生物体和它们的环境之间的相互关系的科学。它基本上属于生物科学。众所周知,科学哲学是哲学研究项目中最重要的门类之一,例如,我们现在有数学哲学、物理学哲学和其他自然科学的哲学,以及各门社会科学的哲学。有许多根本的问题处于科学和哲学二者的边缘交接点,如时空、能量、物质、生命、心理、演化等等的性质既是科学家考虑的问题又是哲学家考虑的问题。宇宙起源和宇宙论的问题更是科学和哲学的一     

市区活动中心理科班学生的行为和相互作用

我们认为以活动为中心的初中理科班是对两个种族组行为进行比较、对照的理想研究。理由是这些班的学生可以相对自由地选择自己的座位,可以选择伙伴做实验项目,还可以自由支配使用自己的时间。从这些行为中,我们能够对取消了种族隔离的学校中种族间关系的性质,以及对每个五文化组学习科学动机的程度作出推论。此外,也可能确定课堂行为与教师评分之间的关系。在此类班级中成绩的评定,依据的是作业或学习项目的进步,项目结束后的测验、平时测验、最后测验以及教师对学生努力程度的估计。因此,本研究意在回答下列问题: 1.在种族平等以活动为中心的初中理科班中,黑人和自人男生是怎样上课的?行为上     

苏联科学院心理学研究所社会心理学研究的基本总结

在建设共产主义社会的条件下,发展物质-技术基础、完善社会关系和培养新人是三位一体的任务。这一任务是由苏共中央“关于进一步改进思想和政治教育工作的决议”所提出来的。在解决这一任务的纲要中,除其他科学外,社会心理学也占居主要地位;它的客体是研究心理因素和社会发展的相互作用和相互制约的各不同方面。社会心理学研究室(E. B. 肖洛霍娃领导)执行着组织和协调社会心理学领域的科学研究的职能。     

Determination of a behavioral transfer function: White-noise analysis of session-to-session response-ratio dynamics on concurrent VI VI schedules

Six pigeons were exposed to concurrent variable-interval schedules in which the programmed reinforcer ratios changed from session to session according to a pseudorandom binary sequence. This procedure corresponded to the stochastic identification paradigm (“white-noise experiment”) of systems theory and enabled the relation between log response ratios in the current session and log reinforcer ratios in all previous sessions to be determined. Such dynamic relations are called linear transfer functions. Both nonparametric and parametric representations of these, in the form of “impulse-response functions,” were determined for each bird. The session-to-session response ratios resulting from the session-to-session pseudorandom binary variations in reinforcer ratios were well predicted by the impulse-response functions identified for each pigeon. The impulse-response functions were well fitted by a second-order dynamic model involving only two parameters: a time constant and a gain. The mean time constant was 0.67 sessions, implying that the effects of abrupt changes in log reinforcer ratios should be 96% complete within about five sessions. The mean gain was 0.53, which was surprisingly low inasmuch as it should equal the sensitivity to reinforcement ratio observed under steady-state conditions. The same six pigeons were subjected to a similar experiment 10 months following the first. Despite individual differences in impulse-response functions between birds within each experiment, the impulse-response functions determined from the two experiments were essentially the same.     

Intelligence and fertility in the United States: 1912-1982

Results are presented for the 1st analysis of the relationship between IQ and completed fertility using a large, representative sample of the US population. Correlations are predominantly negative for cohorts born between 1894 and 1964 but are significantly more positive for cohorts whose fertility was concentrated in the baby boom years. Previous studies reporting slightly positive correlations appear to have been biased in their restriction of samples to atypical cohorts. The National Opinion Research Center (NORC), a nonprofit research organization affiliated with the University of Chicago, conducted the General Social Survey (GSS) in the US each year from 1972 to 1982, except for 1979. A combination of block quota and full probability sampling was employed. Hour-long interviews were completed with 12,120 respondents who were English-speaking, noninstitutionalized adults (18 years or older) living within the continental US. Such questions as age, place of birth, income and occupation, were asked in each interview. Other questions about attitudes on various social, political, and moral issues were rotated in different years. The unique opportunity this data set affords is an overview of the relationship between intelligence and fertility for a nationally representative sample of Americans whose major reproductive years fell between 1912 and 1982. Data were consolidated from the 4 surveys in which the vocabulary test was given (1974, 1976, 1978, and 1982). Respondents were divided into 15 birth cohorts of 5-year intervals ranging from before 1894 to 1964. Correlations between vocabulary scores and number of siblings are markedly negative across all 15 cohorts. Vocabulary sibling correlations are more negative in every cohort than vocabulary offspring correlations. Previous reports of a neutral or slightly eugenic relationship appear to be due to the nature of the samples used, in part because the cohorts chosen were atypical, and in part because they did not include nonwhites. Childless respondents averaged slightly higher scores than did those with 1 or more children, indicating that the automatic exclusion of the childless from sibling-IQ studies has not spuriously inflated negative correlations.     

On the impact of human operant research: Asymmetrical patterns of cross-citation between human and nonhuman research

Reactions to published accounts of research with human subjects, as well as research with nonhuman subjects, were assessed by examining citations in several samples of empirical articles in the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior. A stable, asymmetrical pattern emerged: Nonhuman research was cited in both human and nonhuman articles, but human research was cited primarily in human articles. Thus, human operant research appears to have had little influence on the nonhuman research which constitutes the bulk of the experimental analysis of behavior. Interpretation of this lack of impact depends on the functions one envisions for human research, several of which are discussed.     

信息与世界观

目前正在广泛地讨论信息对于个人和社会的意义。讨论的问题涉及原始信息、通讯技术、工业的机器人化、管理工作的计算机化和科学的数学化。哲学上有依据的各种原理的研究论题提出了许多需要专门加以探讨的、令人注意的唯物主义辩证法和认识论的问题,例如概念的形成和发展及其文字表达,衡量与评价、结构与功能、原始资料与信息的关系等问题。但这些问题并不是本文探讨的对象。本文仅从世界观方面,阐述随着信息工艺的迅速发展,信息对人们的意义。但是只有在原则性的争论中才触及世界观。此外,经验也表明,     

实践——认识 认识——实践

马列主义哲学的发展当然不能归结为单纯地补充新的结论,毫无疑义也要求发展它的基本原理和原则。我们认为,应当用这种观点看待实践概念这个辩证唯物主义的主要范畴。实践在否定它历史上的旧形式的同时不断发展着,因此,对实践及其在认识过程中的作用的科学理解也要发展。由于“自在”必然性变成“为我”必然性,即社会关系的自觉改造这种具有世界历史意义的转变,从资本主义向社会主义过渡的时代意味着社会实践的性质的极其重要的变化。现代科