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281.
Firestone A Turk-Browne NB Ryan JD 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2007,14(6):594-607
Previous studies demonstrating age-related impairments in recognition memory for faces are suggestive of underlying differences in face processing. To study these differences, we monitored eye movements while younger and older adults viewed younger and older faces. Compared to the younger group, older adults showed increased sampling of facial features, and more transitions. However, their scanning behavior was most similar to the younger group when looking at older faces. Moreover, while older adults exhibited worse recognition memory than younger adults overall, their memory was more accurate for older faces. These findings suggest that age-related differences in recognition memory for faces may be related to changes in scanning behavior, and that older adults may use social group status as a compensatory processing strategy. 相似文献
282.
283.
Nathan A. Call Ryan S. Pabico Joanna E. Lomas 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2009,42(3):723-728
Few direct‐assessment procedures are designed to identify potential negative reinforcers (e.g., including demands in the escape condition of functional analyses). Two participants were systematically exposed to a series of demands nominated by caregivers as potential negative reinforcers. Sessions ended following the first instance of problem behavior, and a hierarchy of demand aversiveness was created based on the latency to the first problem behavior. Subsequent functional analyses confirmed the predictive value of the hierarchy, with shorter latency demands consistently producing more differentiated functional analysis outcomes. 相似文献
284.
In the wake of an interpersonal offense, victims often feel motivated to avoid their perpetrators, and the more severe the
offense, the more pronounced this motivation is. On the surface, avoidance appears to serve a self-protective function such
that victims, compelled by a sense of fear and apprehension, withdraw from their wrongdoers to prevent further harm. However,
avoidance might also serve a retaliatory purpose in which victims shun their offenders out of anger and hostility, using interpersonal
aloofness as a means of payback. In the present pair of studies, we examined victims’ self-reports of recent offense experiences
and tested the mediating roles of fear and anger in the relationship between offense severity and avoidance motivations. Study
1 revealed that anger, not fear, was the emotion that mediated this relationship. Study 2 replicated this finding and also
showed that the link between anger and avoidance was mediated both by revenge and self-protection motives, which demonstrates
the complex nature of avoidance following a transgression. 相似文献
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287.
Robert Ervin Cramer Ryan E. Lipinski Ashley Bowman Tanner Carollo 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2009,28(1):1-11
Sex differences in subjective distress to violations of trust in a close relationship were observed among Mexican American
men and women. Imagining a partner’s emotional infidelity and other female-linked violations (for example, a partner who no
longer desires to work) distressed a larger percentage of women than men. In contrast, imagining a partner’s sexual infidelity
and other male-linked violations (for example, a partner who no longer makes an effort to look physically attractive) distressed
a larger percentage of men than women. The results from two studies provided compelling evidence against a social–cognitive
explanation of the sex differences and for an evolutionary psychology explanation based on men and women responding to threats
to their sex-linked mating strategies. 相似文献
288.
Spellecy R 《The American journal of bioethics : AJOB》2007,7(11):45-7; discussion W3-4
289.
This paper explores the connection between quality of life and direct democracy. Using state level data for participation and quality of life, we find that those states with a high quality of life see higher participation in direct democracy than those with lower quality of life. However, the passage of direct democracy measures has the inverse relationship indicating the importance of maintaining the status quo for states with higher quality of life measurements. 相似文献
290.
Physicians used either an autonomy-supportive or a controlling interpersonal style to counsel smokers based on National Cancer Institute guidelines. Physician autonomy support was rated from audiotapes, and patients' perceived competence and autonomous motivation for quitting were self-reported on questionnaires. Validated point prevalences for 6, 12, and 30 months and for continuous cessation were examined. The intervention did not have a direct effect on quit rates; however, structural equation modeling supported the self-determination process model of smoking cessation. The model indicated that the autonomy-supportive intervention was rated as more autonomy supportive, that rated autonomy support predicted autonomous motivation, and that autonomous motivation predicted cessation at all points in time. Perceived competence contributed independent variance to cessation only at 6 months. 相似文献