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41.
Jørgen Dines Johansen 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2010,44(3):185-196
In this article it is argued that feelings are all important to the function of literature. In contradiction to music that
is concerned with the inwardness of humankind, literature has, because of language, the capacity to create fictional worlds
that in many respects are similar to and related to the life world within which we live. One of the most important reasons
for our emotional engagement in literature is our empathy with others and our constant imagining and hypothesizing on possible
developments in our interactions with them. Hence, we understand and engage ourselves in fictional worlds. It is further claimed
and exemplified, how poetic texts are very good at rhetorically engage and manipulate our feelings. Finally, with reference
to the important work of Ellen Dissanayake, it is pointed out that the first kind of communication in which we engage, that
between mother and infant, is a kind of speech that positively engages the infant in a dialogue with the mother by means of
poetic devices. 相似文献
42.
Previous research demonstrates that individuals in a positive mood are differentially distracted by irrelevant information
during an ongoing task (Rowe et al. in Proc Natl Acad Sci 104:383–388, 2007). The present study investigated whether susceptibility to distraction shown by individuals in a positive mood results in
greater implicit memory for that distraction. Participants performed a similarity-judgment task on pictures that were superimposed
with distracting words. When these previously distracting words could be used as solutions on a delayed implicit task administered
several minutes later, performance was positively correlated with pleasantness of mood. Individuals in a positive mood are
more likely than others to use previously irrelevant information to facilitate performance on a subsequent implicit task,
a finding with implications for the relationship between positive mood and creativity. 相似文献
43.
Johansen MK Kruschke JK 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2005,31(6):1433-1458
This research's purpose was to contrast the representations resulting from learning of the same categories by either classifying instances or inferring instance features. Prior inference learning research, particularly T. Yamauchi and A. B. Markman (1998), has suggested that feature inference learning fosters prototype representation, whereas classification learning encourages exemplar representation. Experiment 1 supported this hypothesis. Averaged and individual participant data from transfer after inference training were better fit by a prototype than by an exemplar model. However, Experiment 2, with contrasting inference learning conditions, indicated that the prototype model was mimicking a set of label-based bidirectional rules, as determined by the inference learning task demands in Experiment 1. Only the set of rules model accounted for all the inference learning conditions in these experiments. 相似文献
44.
Oades RD Sadile AG Sagvolden T Viggiano D Zuddas A Devoto P Aase H Johansen EB Ruocco LA Russell VA 《Developmental science》2005,8(2):122-131
We explore the neurobiological bases of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) from the viewpoint of the neurochemistry and psychopharmacology of the catecholamine-based behavioural systems. The contributions of dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA) neurotransmission to the motor and cognitive symptoms of ADHD (e.g. hyperactivity, variable and impulsive responses) are studied in rodent and primate models. These models represent elements of the behavioural units observed in subjects with ADHD clinically, or in laboratory settings (e.g. locomotion, changed sensitivity/responsivity to novelty/reinforcement and measures of executive processing). In particular, the models selected emphasize traits that are strongly influenced by mesocorticolimbic DA in the spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and the Naples high excitability (NHE) rat lines. In this context, the mode of action of methylphenidate treatment is discussed. We also describe current views on the altered control by mesolimbic catecholamines of appropriate and inappropriate goal-directed behaviour, and the tolerance or intolerance of delayed reinforcement in ADHD children and animal models. Recent insights into the previously underestimated role of the NA system in the control of mesocortical DA function, and the frontal role in processing information are elaborated. 相似文献
45.
Taylor NT Burlingame GM Kristensen KB Fuhriman A Johansen J Dahl D 《International journal of group psychotherapy》2001,51(2):243-263
Managed Care has had a significant impact on delivery systems for mental health services. Direct and indirect persuasion to provide more cost-effective treatments has been one consequence. The cost-saving qualities and the effectiveness of group interventions have produced clear expectations for an increased use of therapy groups. This study compared perceptions and uses of group treatments on a national sample of managed care organizations and mental health providers. Because group psychotherapy encompasses such a broad definition, five specific types of group interventions were defined: problem-focused homogenous, process-oriented heterogeneous, psycho-educational, self-help, and short-term groups. Implications of differences and similarities between directors of managed care organizations and treatment providers are examined and discussed across five response categories (familiarity/training, perceived effectiveness, likelihood of reimbursement/referral, daily use, and expectation for future use). 相似文献
46.
Paap KR Johansen LS Chun E Vonnahme P 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2000,26(6):1691-1720
Three experiments using the Reicher task show that performance on low-frequency words is disrupted if the incorrect alternative forms a higher frequency word. This neighborhood frequency effect occurs for both energy and pattern masks and for different sets of items. When the upcoming word is primed and its accessibility is enhanced, the neighborhood frequency effect is eliminated. Experiments 4a and 4b tested the neighborhood frequency effect using a same-different task and a signal-detection analysis. Neighborhood frequency affected the decision criterion but not the sensitivity of the perceptual system. Experiment 5 showed that many words with a frequency in the range from 1 to 5 per million are not recognized out of context. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that frequency effects in the Reicher task are caused by a bias in the decision system and can be simulated with the stochastic activation-verification model. 相似文献
47.
We demonstrate that a wide variety of recently reported "rule-described" and "prototype-described" phenomena in perceptual classification, which have led to the development of a number of multiple-system models, can be given an alternative interpretation in terms of a single-system exemplar-similarity model. The phenomena include various rule- and prototype-described patterns of generalization, dissociations between categorization and similarity judgments, and dissociations between categorization and old-new recognition. The alternative exemplar-based interpretation relies on the idea that similarity is not an invariant relation but a context-dependent one. Similarity relations among exemplars change systematically because of selective attention to dimensions and because of changes in the level of sensitivity relating judged similarity to distance in psychological space. Adaptive learning principles may help explain the systematic influence of the selective attention process and of modulation in sensitivity settings on judged similarity. 相似文献
48.
ABSTRACT In this article we use theory and empirical evidence to synthesize a model for the analysis of autonomy in people with addictions. We review research on motivation and denial as accepted addiction constructs that need to be replaced with non-stigmatizing and autonomy-supportive language when seeking to ‘treat’ addicts. We present three main factors involved in relational autonomy in addiction (mentalizing, positive self-concept, and stigma), and illustrate our model by examining variations on these parameters in two case studies of heroin addicts. We conclude that a growth perspective is needed to assess functioning in populations believed to be ‘addicted’ and make suggestions for assessment. 相似文献
49.
J K Kruschke M K Johansen 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》1999,25(5):1083-1119
A new connectionist model (named RASHNL) accounts for many "irrational" phenomena found in nonmetric multiple-cue probability learning, wherein people learn to utilize a number of discrete-valued cues that are partially valid indicators of categorical outcomes. Phenomena accounted for include cue competition, effects of cue salience, utilization of configural information, decreased learning when information is introduced after a delay, and effects of base rates. Experiments 1 and 2 replicate previous experiments on cue competition and cue salience, and fits of the model provide parameter values for making qualitatively correct predictions for many other situations. The model also makes 2 new predictions, confirmed in Experiments 3 and 4. The model formalizes 3 explanatory principles: rapidly shifting attention with learned shifts, decreasing learning rates, and graded similarity in exemplar representation. 相似文献
50.
Joseph G. Ponterotto Jodi C. Potere Scott A. Johansen 《Journal of multicultural counseling and development》2002,30(3):192-207
This article summarizes normative data and psychometric evidence for scores on the Quick Discrimination Index (J. G. Ponterotto et al., 1995; S. O. Utsey & J. G. Ponterotto, 1999). Specific guidelines for counseling researchers and practitioners are provided. Este artículo resume los datos normativos y evidencia psicométrica para resultados del Indice Rapido de la Discriminación (J. G. Ponterotto et al., 1995; S. O. Utsey & J. G. Ponterotto, 1999). Las normas específicas para investigadores y profesionales practicantes de la consejería son proporcionadas. 相似文献