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31.
Selective attention plays a central role in theories of category learning and representation. In exemplar theory, selective
attention has typically been formalized as operating uniformly across entire stimulus dimensions. Selective featural attention
operating within dimensions has been recognized as a conceptual possibility, but relatively little research has focused on
evaluating it. In the present research, we explored the usefulness of selective featural attention in the context of exemplar
representation. We report the results of embedding the feature-to-category relations typically associated with the inverse
base-rate effect—a classic and paradoxical category-learning result— perceptual category-learning task using a category structure
with three multivalued feature dimensions. An exemplar model incorporating featural selective attention accurately accounted
for the inverse base-rate effect that occurred but failed to do so with only dimensional attention. 相似文献
32.
Margit Warburg Birgitte Schepelern Johansen Kate Østergaard 《Journal of Contemporary Religion》2013,28(1):33-48
Muslim women wearing face-covering clothing are the subject of politically heated debates in a number of European countries, but reliable data on the number of these women (niqabis) are generally lacking. At the request of the Danish government, the authors conducted a survey of niqabis in Denmark; this work is the first attempt to quantify niqabis in a European country by sampling new data from several different kinds of sources. Sociologically, niqabis represent a rare and elusive group, which presents particular methodological challenges. The methods discussed and used, such as stratified sampling, use of key informants, and location sampling, are relevant in the studies of many contemporary religious sub-cultures. Extensive triangulation of the different data provided an estimated number of niqabis of 150, with an uncertainty range of 100–200. This corresponds to 0.1–0.2% of Muslim women in Denmark. These figures tally with current rough estimates in other European countries. 相似文献
33.
Svein Tvedt Johansen Marcus Selart Kjell Grønhaug 《Journal of applied social psychology》2013,43(6):1185-1199
This paper seeks to expand our understanding of initial trust by looking at how variation in risk influences the nature of trust and the process of initial trust formation. Four hypotheses were tested in two experiments involving participants with and without work experience. A first hypothesis suggested a positive relationship between a general propensity to trust and initial trust; a second hypothesis, a negative relationship between risk and initial trust; whereas a third hypothesis posited that risk would increase the importance participants place on benevolence and integrity. A fourth hypothesis suggested that risk would have a positive and moderating influence on the effect of out‐of‐role behavior when presented after role‐conformant in‐role behavior. Findings are presented and discussed and practical implications suggested. 相似文献
34.
The safe and effective management of adolescent offenders is a top priority for inpatient forensic programs. Treatment successes were examined for adolescent offenders on four parameters, specifically hospital course, level of improvement, time to discharge, and rapidity of improvement. Hospital course was predicted primarily by the breadth of polysubstance abuse with modest but independent contributions by psychopathic characteristics, and aggressive conduct-disorder symptoms. An important finding for treatment was that level of improvement at discharge was only marginally affected by psychopathic traits. In addition, rapidity of improvement was predicted only by decreased polysubstance abuse. Approximately one-fourth of the adolescent offenders experienced a substantial decrease in psychopathic characteristics. This finding was unexpected because the generic treatment program did not target the core elements of psychopathy. Even in the absence of nontreatment controls, this diminution of psychopathic traits in 25% of adolescent offenders raises important questions about the temporal stability of these traits and their potential amenability to generic interventions. 相似文献
35.
36.
Atzinger CL Blough-Pfau R Kretschmer L Huether CA Johnson JA Warren NS 《Journal of genetic counseling》2007,16(2):223-239
Potential advantages and disadvantages of doctoral training in genetic counseling have been debated. In this study, individual
interviews were conducted to characterize the practice and attitudes of genetic counselors who have achieved doctoral degrees
in any field. Participants (N=31) were more likely to spend time in research and less likely to spend time in clinic than genetic counselors in general.
Advantages identified by participants were consistent with theorized advantages, and included increased knowledge, wider research
roles, additional opportunities and greater respect. Disadvantages identified by participants focused more on individual perspectives
than previously theorized profession-wide disadvantages. These included increased time commitment and decreased patient contact.
The attitudes of participants towards the development of doctoral training in genetic counseling were generally positive.
The results suggest that doctoral training in genetic counseling would have more benefits than drawbacks for individuals pursuing
this degree. 相似文献
37.
Previous research demonstrates that individuals in a positive mood are differentially distracted by irrelevant information
during an ongoing task (Rowe et al. in Proc Natl Acad Sci 104:383–388, 2007). The present study investigated whether susceptibility to distraction shown by individuals in a positive mood results in
greater implicit memory for that distraction. Participants performed a similarity-judgment task on pictures that were superimposed
with distracting words. When these previously distracting words could be used as solutions on a delayed implicit task administered
several minutes later, performance was positively correlated with pleasantness of mood. Individuals in a positive mood are
more likely than others to use previously irrelevant information to facilitate performance on a subsequent implicit task,
a finding with implications for the relationship between positive mood and creativity. 相似文献
38.
Jørgen Dines Johansen 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2010,44(3):185-196
In this article it is argued that feelings are all important to the function of literature. In contradiction to music that
is concerned with the inwardness of humankind, literature has, because of language, the capacity to create fictional worlds
that in many respects are similar to and related to the life world within which we live. One of the most important reasons
for our emotional engagement in literature is our empathy with others and our constant imagining and hypothesizing on possible
developments in our interactions with them. Hence, we understand and engage ourselves in fictional worlds. It is further claimed
and exemplified, how poetic texts are very good at rhetorically engage and manipulate our feelings. Finally, with reference
to the important work of Ellen Dissanayake, it is pointed out that the first kind of communication in which we engage, that
between mother and infant, is a kind of speech that positively engages the infant in a dialogue with the mother by means of
poetic devices. 相似文献
39.
Ruthann Smith Anderson Dana Heller Levitt 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》2015,93(3):280-288
The authors investigated the relationships between the counselor's gender self‐confidence, the counselor's use of social influence within the counseling session, and the counselor's sex in relation to the counseling relationship. These attributes were studied with regard to how deeply a therapeutic working alliance developed between the counselor and the client. Results support the importance of counselor characteristics on the counselor–client alliance. Implications for teaching, research, and practice are presented. 相似文献
40.
Dale F. Hay Mark K. Johansen Peter Daly Salim Hashmi Charlotte Robinson Stephan Collishaw Stephanie van Goozen 《Developmental science》2018,21(3)
Concerns about the relationship between computer games and children's aggression have been expressed for decades, but it is not yet clear whether the content of such games evokes aggression or a prior history of aggression promotes children's interest in aggressive games. Two hundred and sixty‐six 7‐year‐old children from a nationally representative longitudinal sample in the UK played a novel computer game (CAMGAME) in which the child's avatar encountered a series of social challenges that might evoke aggressive, prosocial or neutral behaviour. Aggressive choices during the game were predicted by well‐known risk factors for aggressive conduct problems and the children's own early angry aggressiveness as infants. These findings suggest that children who are predisposed to aggression bring those tendencies to virtual as well as real environments. 相似文献