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971.
Thomas G. Power Sarah C. Ullrich-French Michael M. Steele Kenn B. Daratha Ruth C. Bindler 《Psychology of sport and exercise》2011,12(6):593-598
Objectives
Overweight and obesity pose significant health problems for adolescents. Rates of overweight and obesity in children have increased 45% in the last decade and have increased three-fold since 1980. Because children who are physically active are at lower risk for the development of obesity, it is important to understand some of the factors that influence children’s physical activity patterns. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between motivation, cardiorespiratory fitness, and weight status, defined as obese or non-obese. We predicted that the association between motivation and weight status would become non-significant when controlling for cardiorespiratory fitness.Design
The study employed a correlational, cross-sectional design.Method
Participants included physically active middle school students (N = 82. 51% female) of aged 12–14 years, who participated in the Teen Eating and Activity Mentoring in Schools (TEAMS) study aimed at improving health and preventing obesity among middle school students. Students completed attitudinal questionnaires about physical activity and self-determination on a computer-based system and participated in a number of fitness performance, health behavior, and anthropometric assessments.Results
Non-obese adolescents showed higher intrinsic motivation scores than obese adolescents. Mediational analyses showed that cardiorespiratory fitness mediated the relationship between motivation and weight status.Conclusions
The results of this study demonstrate differences in physical activity motivation as a function of adolescent weight status, but only for intrinsic motivation. As predicted, adolescents who were intrinsically motivated for physical activity were more fit and thereby less likely to be obese. The findings are consistent with self-determination theory. 相似文献972.
Rehfeldt RA 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2011,44(1):109-119
Every article on stimulus equivalence or derived stimulus relations published in the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis was evaluated in terms of characteristics that are relevant to the development of applied technologies: the type of participants, settings, procedure (automated vs. tabletop), stimuli, and stimulus sensory modality; types of relations targeted and emergent skills demonstrated by participants; and presence versus absence of evaluation of generalization and maintenance. In most respects, published reports suggested the possibility of applied technologies but left the difficult work of technology development to future investigations, suggestions for which are provided. 相似文献
973.
Campbell R 《British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953)》2011,102(4):704-710
In the context of face processing, the skill of processing speech from faces (speechreading) occupies a unique cognitive and neuropsychological niche. Neuropsychological dissociations in two cases (Campbell et al., 1986) suggested a very clear pattern: speechreading, but not face recognition, can be impaired by left-hemisphere damage, while face-recognition impairment consequent to right-hemisphere damage leaves speechreading unaffected. However, this story soon proved too simple, while neuroimaging techniques started to reveal further more detailed patterns. These patterns, moreover, were readily accommodated within the Bruce and Young (1986) model. Speechreading requires structural encoding of faces as faces, but further analysis of visible speech is supported by a network comprising several lateral temporal regions and inferior frontal regions. Posterior superior temporal regions play a significant role in speechreading natural speech, including audiovisual binding in hearing people. In deaf people, similar regions and circuits are implicated. While these detailed developments were not predicted by Bruce and Young, nevertheless, their model has stood the test of time, affording a structural framework for exploring speechreading in terms of face processing. 相似文献
974.
Peritraumatic dissociation (PD) and experiential avoidance (EA) have been implicated in the etiology of posttraumatic stress symptomatology (PTSS); however, the function of these two factors in the onset and maintenance of PTSS following a potentially traumatic event is unclear. The temporal relationships between EA, PD, and the four clusters of PTSS proposed by the Simms/Watson dysphoria model (Simms, Watson, & Doebbeling, 2002) were examined in a three-wave prospective investigation of 532 undergraduate women participating in an ongoing longitudinal study at the time of a campus shooting. Path analyses indicated that preshooting EA predicted greater PD, intrusions, and dysphoria symptoms approximately one month postshooting. PD was associated with increased symptomatology across all four clusters 1-month postshooting, while 1-month postshooting EA was associated with higher dysphoria and hyperarousal symptoms eight months postshooting. PD had a significant indirect effect on all four PTSS clusters eight months postshooting via 1-month postshooting symptom reports. The results suggest that both EA and PD show unique influences as risk factors for PTSS following a potentially traumatic event. 相似文献
975.
The development of speech language therapy students into clinicians is an area of increasing interest as educators focus on
how knowledge, skills and attitudes are taught and learnt within the profession. The personal journeys of students through
experiences of service learning have potential to further our understanding of the impact of civic engagement on the student
experience and their learning. This paper explores the journeys of first year speech and language therapy students through
a Thematic Analysis of reflective letters written by students to themselves at the beginning and completion of a service learning
module. Analysis demonstrates development of interpersonal and preclinical skills as well as an understanding of attitudes
and values inherent in the social model of disability. The skills and attitudes developed by the students through participation
in the Conversation Partner Scheme are consistent with social model principles that support therapists to fully address the
long-term, real life needs of clients with aphasia (the acquired communication disorder that frequently follows stroke). The
interface between the social model of disability and the role of service learning in nurturing the attitudes and values which
underpin this model are explored. 相似文献
976.
977.
People create counterfactual alternatives that change an exceptional action to be like a usual one (e.g., “if he had placed
his usual small bet he would have lost less”), as shown in Experiment 1. Experiments 2 and 3 eliminated and reversed this
well-known effect: An exceptional action is instead changed to an exceptional alternative when it leads to a better outcome.
Experiments 4 and 5 show that the reversal occurs whether or not the exceptional alternative is a justified action. The results
indicate that the tendency to change an exceptional action to be like a usual one is guided by the optimality of the counterfactual
outcome more than the exceptionality or justifiability of the action. The implications for theories of the counterfactual
imagination are discussed. 相似文献
978.
Ruth Feldman Romi Magori-Cohen Giora Galili Magi Singer Yoram Louzoun 《Infant behavior & development》2011,34(4):569-577
Animal studies demonstrated the powerful impact of maternal-infant social contact on the infant's physiological systems, yet the online effects of social interactions on the human infant's physiology remain poorly understood. Mothers and their 3-month old infants were observed during face-to-face interactions while cardiac output was collected from mother and child. Micro-analysis of the partners’ behavior marked episodes of gaze, affect, and vocal synchrony. Time-series analysis showed that mother and infant coordinate heart rhythms within lags of less than 1 s. Bootstrapping analysis indicated that the concordance between maternal and infant biological rhythms increased significantly during episodes of affect and vocal synchrony compared to non-synchronous moments. Humans, like other mammals, can impact the physiological processes of the attachment partner through the coordination of visuo-affective social signals. 相似文献
979.
This study reports a novel visual aftereffect for photorealism judgments. Participants observed image sequences where a photograph
was gradually transformed into an artificial image (a painting or a sketch). Their task was to choose the image that was the
category boundary between the photograph and the artificial image among the frames of each image sequence. This task was performed
before and after observing photographs or artificial images for 1 min. The chosen images were less photorealistic after the
observation of artificial images, suggesting an aftereffect for photorealism judgments. However, observation of photographs
did not induce an aftereffect. It is known that the observation of the norms for perceptual judgments (e.g., the prototypical
face for facial judgments) does not induce aftereffects. Thus, these results suggest that photorealistic images serve as the
norm for the perceptual judgment of photorealism. The human visual system may represent the photorealism of artificial images
as a deviation from photorealistic images. 相似文献
980.
Ruth Chu‐Lien Chao 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》2011,89(3):338-348
This study tested a model that links stress, social support, problem‐focused coping, and well‐being. First, it looks at how high support significantly moderated the association between stress and well‐being. Next, the students' problem‐focused coping was seen as mediating this moderated association. Finally, a 3‐way interaction of stress, social support, and avoidant coping revealed that only frequent use of avoidant coping accelerated the association between stress and well‐being in a negative way at both low and high support. 相似文献