Detection of extraneous signals during sentence recognition

In two separate experiments, 40 Ss were presented with recorded sentences during each of which a click occurred. Ss had to depress a key as soon as they heard the click. RTs were f aster when the click was located at the major syntactic break of the sentence compared with RTs to clicks not at a break. This confirmed the hypothesis that processing load is a function of the surface structure of sentences, although the role of minor breaks was not clear. A second finding was that RTs were slower when the click was in the first rather than in the second half of the sentence. This can also be explained in terms of differential processing loads.     

Visual information processing of sequentially presented inputs: III. Further effects of list length and interstimulus interval values on sub-span storage and retrieval mechanisms

Two experiments were carried out, employing a computer-based cathode-ray tube display system, to study further the effects of sub-span Hst length, i.e., two, three, four, and five decimal digits, and relatively small interstimulus interval (ISI) values, i.e., 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 msec, on visual information processing, storage, and retrieval mechanisms. The results of the first experiment confirmed the compttcated intenctions found in two earlier studies between Hst length and ISI values, but with much smaller ISI values than employed preriousfy. The results of the second experiment, in which unequal ISI values were employed within the same length input string, showed little effect resulting from this parameter, but it was suggested that a wider distribution of different ISI values within the same length input string would produce very strong effects.     

Psychophysical methodology IV: Phi gamma hypothesis and the method of limits

Assuming the phi-gamma hypothesis, deductions concerning the method of limits (ML) are derived. For a given step size, the selection of the initial stimulus for ascending series or for descending series has little effect on the summary statistical measures of the ML. Estimates of ML statistics are derived for different step sizes, and these estimates are used to estimate the mean and standard deviation of the phi-gamma hypothesis. Also considered are how summary statistical measures of the ML are influenced by extremely large and small step sizes and by the definition of a ML threshold.     

On the detectability of straight lines in visual noise: An extension of French’s paradigm into the millisecond domain

We report the results of a study that investigated the effects of four experimental parameters on the tachistoscopic detectability of dotted lines in a noisy background consisting of dynamic patterns of identical dots. Characteristics of the lines that were explored included dot spacing, dot numerosity, and line orientation. Dot spacing was shown to be the most powerful parameter in determining the masking effect: the closer the dots, the more easily the line was detected. Increasing the number of the dots was also effective in increasing the detectability of a line, but only up to a limit of five dots. The orientation of the line, on the other hand, did not alter its detectability. Increasing the density of the visual masking noise monotonically reduced the detectability of the line. These studies are an extension of French’s (1953, 1954) work, differing mainly in the fact that the stimulus material was presented tachistoscopically rather than in a mode that allowed prolonged (up to 5 sec) examination of the figures. Thus, they put the results in a domain in which physiological interpretations may be more critically evaluated. A comparison of the results suggests that essentially the same sorts of cognitive mechanisms are operating in the millisecond domain as in the longer exposures. This suggests that simple neurological models utilizing the concept of feature filters or detectors may be being prematurely applied to relatively complex perceptual processes.