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Code-switching occurs regularly in the input to bilingual children. Yet, the effect of code-switched input on language development is unclear. To test whether word learning would be affected by code-switching, Spanish–English bilingual children (N = 45, 19 boys, MeanAge = 5.05 years; ethnicity: 37 Hispanic/Latino, six Non-Hispanic/Latino, two unreported) were taught English-like novel words in two conditions. In the English-only condition, definitions for novel words were provided entirely in English. In the code-switch condition, definitions for novel words were provided in English and Spanish, incorporating code-switches. Children required fewer exposures to retain novel words in the code-switch than the English-only condition and this effect was not moderated by children's language ability or exposure to code-switching, suggesting that code-switched input does not pose word-learning risks to bilingual children, including children with lower levels of language ability. 相似文献
33.
Hans Wallach Karl Josef Frey Katharine Anne Bode 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1972,11(1):110-116
In previous work by the senior authors, brief adaptation to glasses that changed the accommodation and convergence with which objects were seen resulted in large alterations in size perception. Here, two further effects of such adaptation are reported: alterations in stereoscopic depth perception and a change when distance is represented by a response of S’s arm. We believe that the three effects are manifestations of one primary effect, an alteration of the relation between accommodation and convergence on the one hand and the distance they represent in the nervous system (registered distance) on the other. This view was supported by the results of two experiments, each of which demonstrated that the alterations in stereoscopic depth perception could be obtained after adaptation periods which had provided no opportunity to use stereoscopic vision, and that the adaptation effect was larger for depth perception than for size perception when it was obtained under the same conditions; the latter finding was expected if both effects resulted from the same change in registered distance. In three of the five experiments here reported, the variety of cues that could represent veridical distance during the adaptation period was limited. In one condition of adaptation, only the pattern of growth of the retinal images of objects that S approached and the kinesthetic cues for S’s locomotion served as cues to veridical distance. In two other conditions S remained immobile. In one of these, only the perspective distortion in the projection of the scene that S viewed mediated veridical distance, and in the other one familiar objects of normal size were successively illuminated in an otherwise totally dark field, conditions from which opportunities to use stereoscopic vision were again absent. After exposure to each of these adaptation conditions, adaptive changes in perceived size and larger ones in perceived stereoscopic depth were obtained. Because we found that familiar size may serve as the sole indicator of veridical distance in an adaptation process, we concluded that it can function as a perceptual as distinguished from an inferential cue to distance. 相似文献
34.
M. B. Sterman J. J. Lynch M. T. Orne D. Paskewitz J. Costello N. Nicolov O. Diankov M. Popova E. Tsvetanska Robert G. Grenell J. J. Izquierdo V. H. Mark Joseph Germana N. Zill William P. Paré Joseph E. O. Newton George C. Offutt Walter Ehrlich Joseph E. D. Newton Julij Tosef J. Perez-Cruet Chester R. Wilpizeski John F. Lontz Andrew Livingston Joseph W. Cullen Samuel A. Corson Herman R. Weed Elizabeth O. Corson O. D. Murphree Paul N. Morgan Ruth Jarman J. Antal T. A. Ban J. V. Ananth H. E. Lehmann A. Ulric Moore Richard H. Barnes Wilson G. Pond 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1970,5(3):185-193
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Sherrill M. Metzger Stephan R. Bollman Ruth M. Hoeflin Beverly L. Schmalzried 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1969,47(7):671-674
This study compares the after-college life styles of participants in a college honors program with a control group of women who were not college honors students in order to determine the effects of a college honors program on life roles after college. The 81 participants of this study represent 93 percent of women who participated as college freshmen and during their ensuing college years in a study to determine the effects of an honors program on students while still in college. The results of the current study—the first contact with the women since they left college—illustrates the differences between the present life roles of these two groups of women in the areas of family involvement, careers, education, and community participation. The results show significant differences between honors and non-honors subjects in career-orientation and in commitment to their field of study and to the university at which they studied. 相似文献
37.
Daily food intake in rats was temporarily reduced by the introduction of an activity wheel and temporarily increased by the subsequent removal of the wheel. When this outcome is coupled with the positive relation between food deprivation and running—and food deprivation is seen as a loss of eating rather than as a physiological state—there is the suggestion that the total behavior output of the organism may be regulated as such. Specifically, when the rat is deprived of a behavior that recurrently comprises a large part of its total daily activity, an increase may occur in some other behavior. 相似文献
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The disambiguation of threat/neutral homophones was investigated in high- and low-trait anxiety subjects who had been exposed
to either a positive or a negative mood manipulation procedure. Subjects were required first to spell each auditorily presented
word and second, to generate and speak a sentence using the word. Difference indices were calculated for the spelling and
the sentence usage data, i.e. the number of threat minus neutral interpretations. Examination of these indices revealed that
subjects exposed to the negative mood manipulation procedure produced relatively more threat than neutral interpretations
(for both spelling and sentence usage) than did subjects exposed to the positive mood manipulation procedure. Multiple regression
analyses revealed that both the trait anxiety and mood manipulation variables contributed significantly to the prediction
of the difference index on the spelling task. In the analysis of the use of homophones in sentences, only the mood manipulation
variable contributed significantly to the prediction of the difference index on the sentence usage task. 相似文献
40.