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21.
Adam Rutland Lindsey Cameron Philipp Jugert Dennis Nigbur Rupert Brown Charles Watters Rosa Hossain Anick Landau Dominique Le Touze 《The British journal of developmental psychology》2012,30(2):283-302
This research examined whether peer relationships amongst ethnic minority status children reflect the social groups to which children belong and the degree to which they identify with these groups. A longitudinal study was conducted to investigate the influence of group identities (i.e., ethnic and national) on children's perceived peer acceptance and preference for same‐ethnic friendships. Measures of ethnic and English identification, perceived peer acceptance, and friendship choice were administered to 207 south‐Asian English children, aged between 5 and 11, at two time points 6 months apart. In line with predictions, longitudinal analysis showed that bicultural identification (i.e., higher ethnic and English identity) was related to higher perceived peer acceptance and less preference for same‐ethnic friendships. Importantly, as hypothesized, this finding was limited to the older children with more advanced social‐cognitive abilities. The results suggest that older children who adopted a bicultural identity were able to strategically ‘flag’ their multiple group identities, within their multicultural peer groups, to obtain acceptance amongst the maximum number of peers and show less preference for same‐ethnic friendships. This study extends previous peer relations research, which has typically focused on individual social deficits or classroom norms, by showing that group identities influence peer relationships amongst ethnic minority status children. 相似文献
22.
Craig C. Brookins Thabiti M. Anyabwile Rupert Nacoste 《Journal of applied social psychology》1996,26(3):243-264
The relationship between racial identity attitudes and psychological closeness to various African American groups was examined in 171 African American college students at a predominantly White southeastern university. The data were collected using the Racial Identity Attitude Scale (Helms & Parham, 1985), and a scale measuring Perceived Psychological Closeness to African Americans. The closeness scale is a 14-item instrument that was found to represent (in this sample) psychological closeness to 4 African American groups. Internalized racial identity attitudes indicated positive feelings toward various groups of African Americans. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicated that internalized racial identity attitudes were predictive of psychological closeness to African Americans, although this varied somewhat depending on the subgroup. 相似文献
23.
24.
Forgive and Forget? Antecedents and Consequences of Intergroup Forgiveness in Bosnia and Herzegovina
The present study examines the effects of contact and common-ingroup identification on intergroup forgiveness and outgroup behavioral tendencies. A sample of Bosnian Muslims (N = 180) were asked to report their readiness to forgive the misdeeds committed by Bosnian Serbs during the 1992–95 war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. A path analysis of the presumed antecedents and consequences of forgiveness revealed that frequent and good quality contact with members from the perpetrator group predicted forgiveness (positively) and desire for social distance (negatively). Moreover, the positive relationship between contact and forgiveness was mediated by empathy and trust towards the outgroup and by perceived outgroup heterogeneity. Common-ingroup identification was also found to be positively associated with forgiveness and negatively with social distance towards the outgroup. Finally, intergroup forgiveness also predicted social distance from the outgroup. The theoretical and applied implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
25.
Camilla Matera Amanda Nerini Cristian Di Gesto Giulia Rosa Policardo Fabio Maratia Sara Dalla Verde Ilaria Sica Monica Paradisi Laura Ferraresi Dag Kristian Pontvik Milca Lamuraglia Francesca Marchese Mauro Sbrillo Rupert Brown 《Journal of applied social psychology》2021,51(3):273-285
This study aimed to compare perspective-taking with a hypothetical target and perspective-taking occurring during a real interaction with an outgroup member in reducing prejudice toward people with disabilities and other groups (e.g., immigrants, homosexual people), via increased empathy. We adopted an experimental design with two treatment groups (Hypothetical target vs. Real target) and one control group (no intervention), one pretest and two posttest measures. Participants, who were 437 students aged 11–17 years (M = 14.28; SD = 1.17), were randomly assigned to the various conditions on a classroom basis. Perspective-taking was facilitated asking participants to travel in a wheelchair on a path that simulated a real pavement in the presence (or not) of an individual with a motor disability. Findings showed that perspective-taking in the presence of a real target was more effective in reducing prejudice toward people with disabilities than perspective-taking task without encountering an outgroup member. Perspective-taking with a hypothetical target was not sufficient to increase participants' empathy toward people with disabilities, which instead was enhanced when the task was performed at the presence of a real member of that group. Positive effects produced by perspective-taking (with both a hypothetical and a real target) were transferred to immigrants and homosexuals. These findings suggest that, when possible, perspective-taking in the presence of the target, which can improve empathy by favoring a two-way exchange process, is highly recommended to improve attitudes toward different stigmatized groups, not necessarily targeted by the intervention. 相似文献
26.
Naturalistically minded philosophers hope to identify a privileged nonsemantic relation that holds between a mental representation
m and that which m represents, a relation whose privileged status underwrites the assignment of reference to m. The naturalist
can accomplish this task only if she has in hand a nonsemantic criterion for individuating mental representations: it would
be question-begging for the naturalist to characterize m, for the purpose of assigning content, as 'the representation with
such and such content'. If we individuate mental representations using the tools of dynamical systems theory, we find that
a given mental representation, characterized nonsemantically, emerges in the cognitive system as the result of causal interactions
between the subject and her environment. At least for the most basic of our mental representations, I argue that the dynamical
systems-based approach to individuation increases the plausibility of a theory that assigns reference as a function of the
subject's causal history.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
27.
28.
Rupert Hölzl Andreas Möltner Claus W. Neidig 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1999,34(4):269-284
Clinical and experimental evidence on referred pain and spinal-afferent convergence demonstrates a close relationship between
visceral and somatosensory perception, which is important for current models of symptom perception and central body representation.
The study uses a psychophysical approach to quantify these interactions at the perceptual level, taking into account problems
of comparable intermodal scaling and the role of awareness. An experiment on somatosensory masking of distension stimuli in
the colon is reported in which a multiple staircase method of forced choice discrimination with concurrent sensation ratings
was employed. Results showed perceptual masking of visceral by abdominal stimuli but not vice versa. The masking effect was
not enhanced by intratomal placement of the abdominal stimulus in the lower left quadrant. This contradicts the spinal sensory
convergence model and points to perceptual interactions at higher brain levels. Loglinear analysis of relations between discrimination
and subjective sensation revealed qualitative differences of somatovisceral perception at the preconscious as compared to
the conscious level. This argues for a two-process model of integrative body perception. 相似文献
29.
Two studies examined the relationship between categorization, intergroup anxiety and intergroup attitudes (intergroup bias and negative affect). Study 1 consisted of a survey of 236 British and Japanese nationals. Study 2 was a longitudinal study of 54 Japanese students studying in the UK. Of the three categorization variables (interpersonal, superordinate and intergroup), only intergroup categorization was shown to have a relationship to generalized intergroup attitudes. In addition, intergroup anxiety and quality of contact were associated with ingroup bias and negative affect to the outgroup. Study 2 revealed an interaction between intergroup categorization and quality of contact in predicting negative affect. Intergroup anxiety was also associated with increased intergroup categorization. It is concluded that the effects of categorization during contact are still poorly understood, and that intergroup anxiety is a far more powerful variable in contact than the current literature acknowledges. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
30.
Rupert Brown 《European journal of social psychology》2000,30(6):745-778
This article presents a critical review of Social Identity Theory. Its major contributions to the study of intergroup relations are discussed, focusing on its powerful explanations of such phenomena as ingroup bias, responses of subordinate groups to their unequal status position, and intragroup homogeneity and stereotyping. In addition, its stimulative role for theoretical elaborations of the Contact Hypothesis as a strategy for improving intergroup attitudes is noted. Then five issues which have proved problematic for Social Identity Theory are identified: the relationship between group identification and ingroup bias; the self‐esteem hypothesis; positive – negative asymmetry in intergroup discrimination; the effects of intergroup similarity; and the choice of identity strategies by low‐status groups. In a third section a future research agenda for the theory is sketched out, with five lines of enquiry noted as being particularly promising: expanding the concept of social identity; predicting comparison choice in intergroup settings; incorporating affect into the theory; managing social identities in multicultural settings; and integrating implicit and explicit processes. The article concludes with some remarks on the potential applications of social identity principles. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献