Predictors of Stress Generation in Adolescents in Mainland China

The current longitudinal study examined whether the personality vulnerabilities of self-criticism and dependency prospectively predicted stress generation in Chinese adolescents. Participants included 1,116 adolescents (588 girls and 528 boys), aged 15 to 18 years from rural, urban and ultra-urban mainland China. Participants completed self-report measures of personality, depressive and anxious symptoms and participated in a clinical interview assessing lifetime history of depression. The occurrence of negative life events was measured using a contextual-threat interview every 6-months for a total period of 18-months. Logistic regression analyses showed that after controlling for past depressive episodes and current depressive and anxious symptoms, self-criticism was prospectively associated with the occurrence of interpersonal stress generation, but not noninterpersonal stress generation. Dependency also predicted interpersonal stress generation, although only in girls and not boys. In line with previous Western findings, girls reported more interpersonal stress generation. Analyses across 3 levels of urbanization revealed several significant differences including higher reported interpersonal stress generation in urban girls than urban boys and overall higher levels of negative life events in ultra-urban youth. In sum, findings from the current study suggest that the stress generation process may be generalizable to Chinese youth.     

Predicting Risky Sexual Behavior: the Unique and Interactive Roles of Childhood Conduct Disorder Symptoms and Callous-Unemotional Traits

Conduct disorder (CD) symptoms and callous-unemotional (CU) traits have been shown to be uniquely associated with risky sexual behavior (RSB) in adolescence and early adulthood, yet their interactive role in predicting RSB remains largely unknown. This study aimed to investigate the predictive value of CD symptoms and CU traits, as well as their interaction, on several RSB outcomes in adolescence and early adulthood. A total of 683 participants (41.7 % female, 47.4 % African American) were followed annually and self-reported age of first sexual intercourse, frequency of condom use, pregnancy, contraction of sexually transmitted infections, and engagement in sexual solicitation from grade 7 to 2-years post-high school. CD symptoms predicted age of first sexual intercourse, condom use, and sexual solicitation. CU traits predicted age of first sexual intercourse and pregnancy. Their interaction predicted a composite score of these RSBs such that CD symptoms positively predicted the composite score among those with high levels of CU traits but not among those with low levels of CU traits. The current findings provide information regarding the importance of both CD symptoms and CU traits in understanding adolescent and early adulthood RSB, as well as the benefits of examining multiple RSB outcomes during this developmental period. These findings have implications for the development and implementation of preventive efforts to target these risky behaviors among adolescents and young adults.     

在美国样本中母亲抑郁症状与儿童退缩的关系:教养行为的中介作用

本研究通过使用美国国家儿童健康与人类发育研究所的纵向研究数据建立分层线性模型,探究在儿童的早期发展中,母亲抑郁症状对儿童的社会性退缩的影响,以及母亲的教养行为在这一关系中的中介作用,结果发现：（1）在儿童24~54个月期间,随着母亲抑郁症状的升高,儿童的社会性退缩也随之升高;（2）母亲抑郁症对儿童社会性退缩的影响存在着性别差异,与女孩相比,男孩的社会性退缩更容易受到母亲抑郁症状的影响;（3）在男孩中,消极的教养行为在母亲抑郁症状与男孩的社会性退缩之间起到了中介作用,而在女孩中,这一中介作用并不显著。     

Mediator Roles of Interpersonal Forgiveness and Self-Forgiveness between Self-Esteem and Subjective well-Being

This study examined the effect of self-esteem on subjective well-being, with focus on confirmation of mediator roles of interpersonal forgiveness and self-forgiveness among a sample of 475 college students. The participants completed a questionnaire packet that includes Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Heartland Forgiveness Scale, and Subjective Well-Being Scale. Results revealed that self-esteem, interpersonal forgiveness, and self-forgiveness were all significantly correlated with subjective well-being. Bootstrap results indicated that both interpersonal forgiveness and self-forgiveness partially mediated self-esteem to subjective well-being. Structural equation modeling analysis also revealed significant paths from self-esteem to subjective well-being through both interpersonal forgiveness and self-forgiveness.     

英语阅读中单词注释对词汇学习的影响研究

本研究以中学生为被试,探讨了英语阅读过程中不同形式的单词注释对词汇学习的影响。结果发现：中文注释与英文注释对词汇获得的影响视不同学习水平与学习进程而异;阅读前、阅读中或阅读后呈现注释对词汇获得也具有不同的作用机制。     

隔代“亲”的社会心理解析

隔代抚育中出现了普遍的隔代“亲”现象。本文分别从文化传统（血缘宗亲）、心理需求、社会现实、补偿心理等几个方面来阐述隔代“亲”的成因。     

中学生偶像崇拜与自我概念的关系研究

研究采用访谈法和问卷法．选取北京市428名中学生,考察偶像崇拜与自我概念的关系。研究发现：(1)有偶像的学生人数显著高于无偶像的人数,“歌星影星”与“著名人士”是其崇拜的主流。(2)有偶像的学生的自我概念显著高于无偶像的学生,主要在同性关系自我、异性关系自我、非学业自我概念上存在显著差异。(3)在有无偶像维度上,女生的同性关系自我、一般学校自我概念存在显著差异,男生的同性关系自我、一般自我、非学业自我和量表总分存在显著差异。(4)在有无偶像维度上,初一学生的体能自我、初二学生的数学自我、初三学生的语文自我和同性关系自我、高一学生的外貌自我存在显著差异。(5)不同偶像类型的学生的自我概念存在显著差异。     

当代功利主义哲学

虽然功利主义自20世纪70年代以来失去了一统天下的地位,但是它目前在当代道德哲学和政治哲学中仍然是一支重要力量。按照其论证的逻辑,我们可以把功利主义分为三种,即行为功利主义、规则功利主义以及双层功利主义,其中后两者是为克服前者的困难而产生出来的,同时它们也产生出了新的困难。然而,无论在理论层面还是政策层面,功利主义在当代西方社会都占有重要的地位。     

杜威、罗素宗教观在“五四”时期的影响

"五四"时期,杜威和罗素的学说风靡一时,对当时文化思潮有重要影响。他们在宗教方面的言论,特别是针对基督教的看法产生了一些明显的效果。杜威与罗素都是无神论者,与杜威相比,罗素的反基督教立场更为鲜明。他们的宗教观直接或间接地影响了胡适、陈独秀等新文化运动者对宗教的看法,同时,也受到了赵紫宸、徐宝谦等基督教学者的批评。杜威和罗素的宗教观引起那个时代与今天的学者们思考和争论这样几个问题:"信仰"的内涵应如何界定;宗教活动与政治运动在性质上有无相关性;怎样评价宗教(特别是基督教)在历史上的作用等。