简单结构刺激非规则特征突显条件下的样例效应

用变化了的Allen和Brooks的实验范式,采用2(学习轮次:5轮、10轮)×2(项目类型:旧项目、新项目)×2(项目匹配性质:正向匹配、反向匹配)混合实验设计,研究对4个特征刺激分类时非规则特征突显条件下的样例效应。结果发现,无论是错误率还是反应时都取得了明显的样例效应,但是学习时间的影响不明显。     

肢体严重毁损伤保留与否的循证思考

肢体严重毁损伤的修复是当今医学领域的一个研究热点。从循证医学角度对肢体严重毁损伤的保肢与截肢提出思考并加以阐述,同时结合当前我国医疗环境提出一些这方面的倡议。     

舍勒的羞愧现象学

与“抽象的”研究伦理学“概念”的做法不同,舍勒在胡塞尔现象学基础上,直接描述具有道德价值的“具体心情”。舍勒试图把哲学从“天上”拉回到“地上”,他以描述的方式,分析具有现象学性质的“心情”,在胡塞尔应该说“纯粹意识”的地方,舍勒说“纯粹心情”或“纯粹价值”,让这些心情本身具有道德价值含义。羞耻感是返回自身的心情,是冲向自己的意向的转变,天然具有现象学的意义。在这个意义上,现象学又是一门升华心情的学问,就悔悟而言,不再是消极的而是积极的心情,改变从前的心理习惯,让精神生活重新开始。因此,悔悟是战胜自己的积极途径。     

道教

本文从对道教产生之前社会的生死、灵魂观念及种种人神交往巫术的分析入手,对道教特别是早期道教的组织结构、宗教生活、斋仪、修炼方法及其发展作了研究。     

传统心理治疗的困境与释义学对心理治疗的影响

传统心理治疗追求自然科学模式,接受经验主义科学观,方法论上表现出本质主义、个体主义、普适主义、量化方法和还原论等特征.但是心理治疗更多的是一种人文关怀领域,因而传统心理治疗面临着种种困境.释义学强调了人文社会科学同自然科学的不同.释义学是一种意义的追寻,而不是一种因果关系的说明.它强调的是理解及其理解的文化背景.这些特征使得释义学与心理治疗具有明显的契合性,给心理治疗提供了一种新的理论基础.     

Is the attribution of cultural differences to minorities an expression of racial prejudice?

The social psychological literature considers two main perspectives on the study of perceived cultural differences between majorities and minorities: one proposes that perception of cultural differences is an antecedent of prejudice and another states that the attribution of cultural differences to minorities is already a hidden expression of racial prejudice. This paper offers further support to this latter perspective. One hundred and ninety-four participants answered a questionnaire measuring (1) general racist belief; (2) cultural differences attributed to Black people (hetero-ethnicization); (3) the asymmetric attribution of secondary and primary emotions to the in-group and to Black people (infra-humanization); (4) the asymmetric attribution of natural and cultural traits to in-group members and to Black people (ontologization); and (5) negative evaluation of this social category. The general racist belief scale was not anchored in a specific group and measured the belief in the inferiority of certain social groups or peoples based on biological or cultural factors. Relationships between the scales were analysed through a set of Structural Equation Models. According to the predictions, results showed that the attribution of cultural differences is a dimension of prejudice. Results also showed that attribution of cultural differences, negative evaluation of Black people, ontologization, and infra-humanization were different dimensions of a common latent factor that can be identified as racial prejudice; and that prejudice was predicted by general racist belief. Results are discussed in the light of the study of the impact of perceived cultural differences on intergroup relations and in the light of the "new racism" approaches.     

Environmental enrichment improves behavioral performance and auditory spatial representation of primary auditory cortical neurons in rat

Environmental enrichment (EE) has an important role in brain plasticity. Early research has shown that EE increases the response strength of neurons in the auditory cortex, but it remains unknown whether EE can influence the process of spatial localization in the auditory system. In this study, we raised rats in enriched and standard conditions from postnatal day 10 to day 56. By testing behavioral tasks via auditory cues, we have shown that EE improved the number of correct scores, but decreased the reaction time and azimuth deviation in behavioral performance of sound-azimuth discrimination. By in vivo extracellular recording, we have shown that EE enhanced the directional sensitivity of neurons in the primary auditory cortex. For example, EE rats had a smaller spatial receptive field, sharper frequency tuning curve and directional selective curve of auditory neurons compared with normal rats. Our findings indicate that early exposure to EE increases directional sensitivity. These results provide an insight into developmental plasticity in the auditory system.     

工作投入研究的现状

工作投入指的是一种与工作相关的积极、完满的情绪与认知状态,具有持久性和弥散性的特点。工作投入对个体的工作绩效和某些工作态度及行为变量,以及顾客满意度、生产力、利润率和单位总体绩效等组织结果变量均具有一定的影响。工作投入的影响因素包括个体特征因素、与工作相关的因素以及与家庭相关的因素等3个方面。文章在对工作投入的相关研究进行全面述评的基础上,指出未来的研究有必要进一步加强对工作投入的干预机制等五方面问题的探讨     

Sex differences in mortality rates among long-stay psychiatric inpatients

Study of the sex ratio of mortality rates among three categories of long-term psychiatric inpatients suggests a trend toward equalization of death rates between the sexes by specific cause of death, given the constant inpatient environment. The most dramatic example of this equalization was the virtual parity of death rates for ischemic heart disease among younger schizophrenic patients of both sexes in contrast to a three- to fourfold male excess in the general population. An exception to this equalization was seen for neoplasm deaths, which showed a female excess in all three patient groups in contrast to the male excess seen in the general population. Further study of chronically hospitalized psychiatric patients seems indicated to delineate patterns of death associated with biologic variation in a relatively constant environment.     

Influence of the large–small split effect on strategy choice in complex subtraction

Two main theories have been used to explain the arithmetic split effect: decision‐making process theory and strategy choice theory. Using the inequality paradigm, previous studies have confirmed that individuals tend to adopt a plausibility‐checking strategy and a whole‐calculation strategy to solve large and small split problems in complex addition arithmetic, respectively. This supports strategy choice theory, but it is unknown whether this theory also explains performance in solving different split problems in complex subtraction arithmetic. This study used small, intermediate and large split sizes, with each split condition being further divided into problems requiring and not requiring borrowing. The reaction times (RTs) for large and intermediate splits were significantly shorter than those for small splits, while accuracy was significantly higher for large and middle splits than for small splits, reflecting no speed–accuracy trade‐off. Further, RTs and accuracy differed significantly between the borrow and no‐borrow conditions only for small splits. This study indicates that strategy choice theory is suitable to explain the split effect in complex subtraction arithmetic. That is, individuals tend to choose the plausibility‐checking strategy or the whole‐calculation strategy according to the split size.