Re-precipitation of coherent γ-Fe particles following annealing of equal-channel angular pressed Cu–Fe alloy

The transformation of second-phase particles in a Cu–Fe alloy following equal-channel angular extrusion and annealing has been determined by transmission electron microscopy. Equal-channel angular pressing of the Cu–Fe alloy transformed coherent γ-Fe particles in the Cu matrix into incoherent α-Fe. Upon annealing, numerous coherent γ-Fe particles were observed. A dislocation–particle interaction mechanism is suggested to explain the re-precipitation of coherent γ-Fe particles following annealing.     

受试者知情同意决策与家庭的相关度研究

在中国大陆,至少有以下四个方面的因素影响着受试者知情同意的决策,包括研究者的告知和研究者的导向、人体研究不同分期或类型的差别、受试者个体特质的状况、受试者家庭及类家庭成员(朋友、同伴等)的观念.这些因素与家庭的相关度不尽相同,家庭在不同领域、不同类型、不同层级的人体研究中参与决策表现出不同范围和深度.论证了在受试者知情同意决策过程中,需要受试者家庭或类家庭成员的参与,以实现保护受试者的目的.     

不同建议来源和关系亲疏下突发事件决策中的框架效应

从建议来源和关系亲疏两个方面对突发事件下的决策框架效应进行探讨。采用2（建议来源：来自普通群众／消防人员）×2（关系亲疏：关系亲密／关系疏远）×2（任务框架：正面框架／负面框架）完全被试间实验设计。实验材料以突发事件为背景,根据Kahneman（1981）研究的经典“亚洲疾病问题”改编。采用集体施测的方法,240名来自济南和重庆的大学生参加了实验。结果发现：①建议来源影响被试的决策反应,尤其是当建议来自专业人士（如消防人员）时,决策者表现出偏好于风险的单向框架效应;②关系亲疏导致不同的框架效应,在拯救包括亲属在内的受灾人群（关系亲密）时,框架效应非常明显;但当拯救陌生人（关系疏远）时,决策者表现出偏好于风险的单向框架效应;③当建议来源和关系亲疏共同作用于被试决策时,凡涉及关系亲密条件时决策者不管建议来源都表现出明显的框架效应;而当关系疏远时不同的建议来源导致决策者的决策框架不同。这说明,不同的建议来源和关系亲疏对突发事件下的决策框架效应产生了影响。     

A study on purchasing behavior of teenagers in Taiwan: example of counterfeit goods

This study has established a relationship model encompassing such aspects as consumer values, consumer involvement, purchase behavior, and consumer satisfaction. Furthermore, taking counterfeit goods as an example, this study employs factor analysis, reliability analysis, and the structural equation model to verify the relationship between the research aspects. Another major discovery of this study was that teenagers' behavioral purchasing mentality is graphic, hyperlinked, and is geared toward useful situations and functional needs. When they consider their degree of need, they inevitably incorporate many emotional needs. However, their attitude toward counterfeit goods is rational, which is confirmed by the fact that Hypothesis 1 was not supported.     

实物形状的知觉相似性对视觉隐喻加工的影响

视觉隐喻是众多研究者比较关注的领域, 当前多以物体简笔画、漫画及广告等方面的研究为主, 但对与生活密切相关的实物的视觉隐喻研究甚少。因此研究采用掩蔽启动范式、李克特9点量表及语音生成等研究方法, 在物体概念类型(概念相同、概念相异)及形状类型(形状相似、形状相异)条件下, 针对实物图片的形状知觉相似性是否对视觉隐喻加工产生影响进行探讨。结果发现无论物体概念是否相同, 形状相似性对个体的物体识别具有“促进”作用, 并有利于视觉隐喻加工; 在物体识别中, 当两个物体概念不同时, 个体会试图建立一个特设类别来对形状相似的物体进行归类, 从而实现了视觉隐喻的加工。因此研究进一步证明了实物形状的知觉相似性有利于视觉隐喻的加工。     

主管威权领导与下属前瞻行为：一个被中介的调节模型构建与检验

采用214份主管-下属配对调查数据, 考察了威权领导这一华人企业组织中特有的领导方式对下属前瞻行为的影响, 尤其是检验了下属对领导者信任的中介作用与权威主义和集体主义这两种传统价值取向的调节作用。层次回归分析结果表明：(1)威权领导与下属的前瞻行为呈显著负相关; (2)对领导者的信任在威权领导与下属前瞻行为之间起完全中介作用; (3)下属权威主义取向对威权领导与下属对领导者信任和前瞻行为之间的负向关系均具有显著的弱化效应, 并且下属对领导者的信任完全中介了威权领导与下属权威主义取向之间的交互作用对前瞻行为的影响; (4)下属集体主义取向对威权领导与下属对领导者的信任之间的负向关系具有显著的增强效应。     

Age differences in affective forecasting and experienced emotion surrounding the 2008 US presidential election

In everyday life, people frequently make decisions based on tacit or explicit forecasts about the emotional consequences associated with the possible choices. We investigated age differences in such forecasts and their accuracy by surveying voters about their expected and, subsequently, their actual emotional responses to the 2008 US presidential election. A sample of 762 Democratic and Republican voters aged 20 to 80 years participated in a web-based study; 346 could be re-contacted two days after the election. Older adults forecasted lower increases in high-arousal emotions (e.g., excitement after winning; anger after losing) and larger increases in low-arousal emotions (e.g., sluggishness after losing) than younger adults. Age differences in actual responses to the election were consistent with forecasts, albeit less pervasive. Additionally, among supporters of the winning candidate, but not among supporters of the losing candidate, forecasting accuracy was enhanced with age, suggesting a positivity effect in affective forecasting. These results add to emerging findings about the role of valence and arousal in emotional ageing and demonstrate age differences in affective forecasting about a real-world event with an emotionally charged outcome.     

重口味食物会使人变胖?——咸味对食物热量感知的影响

随着食品与健康越来越受社会的关注,影响消费者对食物热量估计的因素也成为了营销学者感兴趣的问题。本文基于感官营销领域的联结理论,首次探讨了与食物紧密相关的口味——咸味——对食物热量感知的影响,4组实验表明咸味降低了个体对食物健康程度的感知,从而提高了个体对食物热量的估计。实验1采用食物品尝任务发现了咸味提高食物热量估计的主效应。实验2选取普通大众样本,检验了主效应的稳健性和外部效度,同时发现感知健康程度的中介作用。实验3通过操纵对食盐健康与否的认知,进一步验证了本文假设的理论机制。实验4发现有害品/有益品的调节作用,对于有害品,咸淡口味对食物热量估计的影响作用消失。     

表征动量的朝向效应

本研究通过4个实验探索运动物体的朝向对表征动量的影响。4个实验均使用了2(朝向：正向vs.倒向)×2(运动方向：左vs.右/上vs.下)两因素实验设计。前3个实验使用不同的刺激材料进行水平方向的诱导运动, 结果发现, 正向运动的前移量大于倒向运动的前移量, 但这种朝向效应仅仅作用于水平向右方向, 即运动方向水平向左时朝向效应消失。实验4将运动方向改为垂直运动, 结果发现, 正向运动的前移量大于倒向运动的前移量, 但这种朝向效应仅仅作用于垂直向下方向, 即运动方向垂直向上时朝向效应消失。结论：朝向影响表征动量, 但仅作用于水平向右和垂直向下方向上, 前者可能和阅读习惯有关, 后者可能和重力作用有关。