与用客体表征连续性解释OSPBs效应的商榷

Mitroff等人的研究发现了OSPBs效应量反映的客体运动方式与主观报告结果相分离的现象,并以两可刺激情景或实体性原则违背假设对该现象作了解释。本文以3个实验与其研究进行了商榷。结果表明,两可刺激情景与实体性违背均不能解释上述分离现象(实验1);其实验范式中混入了距离因素(实验2与实验3)和方位朝向因素(实验1)。基于本研究的结果,笔者认为Mitroff等人的OSPBs效应是由距离效应和方位倾斜效应所致,即可能主要反映了基于空间的选择性注意的影响,而不能以客体表征连续性加以解释。     

公共选择中的公正与效率——公共支出隐含的一个悖论

公共支出的决定程序、运用与来源以及内在的价值取向上,都存在着公正与效率的矛盾,这无疑会影响到公共支出对经济增长的拉动作用.若要兼顾公正与效率以及调和公共支出内在的逻辑矛盾,便需要确定更有效的标准和选择合适的规则,降低交易成本和信息不时称的程度,以更透明的程序和更兼顾社会民众的方式,实现由功能财政向公共财政和民主财政的转变,以此提高积极财政政策的作用效率.     

Urban residents' subtle prejudice towards rural‐to‐urban migrants in China: The role of socioeconomic status and adaptation styles

The household registration system (Hukou) implemented by the Chinese government divides the Chinese society into two groups: urban residents and rural residents. Since the 1980s, millions of rural residents have migrated to cities without official permission. In this paper, we investigate urban residents' subtle prejudice towards rural‐to‐urban migrants. Specifically, the impacts of urban residents' socioeconomic status (SES) and their perception of migrants' adaptation styles are examined. A sample including 457 Chinese urban residents is taken from four cities in China. Educational and occupational levels are used to indicate urban residents' SES. Four adaptation styles (integration, assimilation, separation and marginalization) are manipulated by using vignettes. The results show that SES has a negative impact on urban residents' subtle prejudice. This link is further moderated by urban residents' perceptions of migrants' adaptations: the negative effect of SES on subtle prejudice holds only under a perception of integration or assimilation and disappears under a perception of separation or marginalization. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

What subjective experiences determine the perception of falling asleep during sleep onset period?

Sleep onset is associated with marked changes in behavioral, physiological, and subjective phenomena. In daily life though subjective experience is the main criterion in terms of which we identify it. But very few studies have focused on these experiences. This study seeks to identify the subjective variables that reflect sleep onset. Twenty young subjects took an afternoon nap in the laboratory while polysomnographic recordings were made. They were awakened four times in order to assess subjective experiences that correlate with the (1) appearance of slow eye movement, (2) initiation of stage 1 sleep, (3) initiation of stage 2 sleep, and (4) 5 min after the start of stage 2 sleep. A logistic regression identified control over and logic of thought as the two variables that predict the perception of having fallen asleep. For sleep perception, these two variables accurately classified 91.7% of the cases; for the waking state, 84.1%.     

Bias in longitudinal data analysis with missing data using typical linear mixed‐effects modelling and pattern‐mixture approach: An analytical illustration

We analytically derive the fixed‐effects estimates in unconditional linear growth curve models by typical linear mixed‐effects modelling (TLME) and by a pattern‐mixture (PM) approach with random‐slope‐dependent two‐missing‐pattern missing not at random (MNAR) longitudinal data. Results showed that when the missingness mechanism is random‐slope‐dependent MNAR, TLME estimates of both the mean intercept and mean slope are biased because of incorrect weights used in the estimation. More specifically, the estimate of the mean slope is biased towards the mean slope for completers, whereas the estimate of the mean intercept is biased towards the opposite direction as compared to the estimate of the mean slope. We also discuss why the PM approach can provide unbiased fixed‐effects estimates for random‐coefficients‐dependent MNAR data but does not work well for missing at random or outcome‐dependent MNAR data. A small simulation study was conducted to illustrate the results and to compare results from TLME and PM. Results from an empirical data analysis showed that the conceptual finding can be generalized to other real conditions even when some assumptions for the analytical derivation cannot be met. Implications from the analytical and empirical results were discussed and sensitivity analysis was suggested for longitudinal data analysis with missing data.     

选择多多益善?——选择集大小对消费者多样化寻求的影响

一系列实验发现消费者多样化寻求行为随选择集增大而呈现倒U型变化,这是由于过大选择集情况下消费者倾向于采取启发式信息处理策略导致多样化寻求行为降低。同时,个体的认知需求水平调节选择集大小与多样化寻求行为间的倒U型关系。此外,通过操纵个体认知困难,理论机制进一步得到验证:在认知困难条件下,消费者也会因采用启发式信息处理策略而导致多样化寻求行为显著降低。     

善心点亮创造力:内部动机和亲社会动机对创造力的影响

研究者普遍认为,个体的内部动机促进创造力,但这种观点受到了越来越多的挑战与质疑。最新的动机性信息加工理论认为,亲社会动机能使个体不仅关注新颖性,而且重视实用性,从而提高创造力。本研究采用2×2组间设计,操纵内部动机和亲社会动机,将被试随机分配到其中一种条件下完成一项创造任务。方差分析结果发现,内部动机和亲社会动机对创造力的影响存在交互作用,只有当亲社会动机高时,内部动机才显著提高创造力;内部动机和亲社会动机均高时,个体创造力最高。本研究证明了亲社会动机在创造过程中的重要性,为创造力研究提供了新的视角。     

暴力犯攻击行为与焦虑的关系:CU特质的调节作用

采用冲动性/预谋性攻击量表、冷酷无情特质量表和特质焦虑量表,以山东省某中型监狱341名成人暴力犯为被试考察两类攻击、CU特质水平和特质焦虑之间的关系。结果表明:(1)CU特质水平与两类攻击正相关,与特质焦虑呈负相关,特质焦虑水平能够预测成人暴力犯的冲动性攻击。(2)个体的CU特质水平能够调节特质焦虑与冲动性攻击之间的关系,具体表现为特质焦虑水平对低CU特质个体的冲动性攻击影响大于高CU特质个体。