关于克里普克模态性的一个自然主义解释

The Kripkean metaphysical modality (i.e. possibility and necessity) is one of the most important concepts in contemporary analytic philosophy and is the basis of many metaphysical speculations. These metaphysical speculations frequently commit to entities that do not belong to this physical universe, such as merely possible entities, abstract entities, mental entities or qualities not realizable by the physical, which seems to contradict naturalism or physicalism. This paper proposes a naturalistic interpretation of the Kripkean modality, as a naturalist’s response to these metaphysical speculations. It will show that naturalism can accommodate the Kripkean metaphysical modality. In particular, it will show that naturalism can help to resolve the puzzles surrounding Kripke’s a posteriori necessary propositions and a priori contingent propositions. __________ Translated from Zhexue yanjiu 哲学研究 (Philosophical Researches), 2008, (1): 18–26     

理同、义和、性相通——《天方性理》与儒学在人性问题上的相通之处

在人性问题上,刘智的<天方性理>借鉴和吸收了中国传统儒学的许多内容,并与伊斯兰教的有关内容结合起来研究人性.本文从<天方性理>关于人性问题的论述到中国儒学在人性问题上的探讨做一比较研究来说明<天方性理>是将儒家之道与天方之经"择其理同而义合者"编纂而成.     

“批判正义”与人的自由和解放

马克思恩格斯的正义观是一种"批判正义".这种"批判正义"大致包括以下三个主要方面的内容:一,批判蒲鲁东(主义)、杜林等人"永恒正义"理念,确立正义理解的生产方式基础;二,批判资产阶级抽象人权理念,确立人权范畴的"过渡正义"性质;三,批判资本主义现实私有制度结构的非正义制度安排,确立未来正义社会的根本实现原则--每个人的全面而自由的发展.他们的目的是要摒弃资本主义财产关系下的狭隘的、片面的正义观念,确立一个每个人得以自由发展和全面解放自身与个性发展的正义社会.对于中国和谐社会的构建而言,马克思恩格斯的"批判正义"理念具有重要的借鉴意义.     

历史进步论研究二题

马克思的历史进步论时下主要遇到两种思潮的挑战:一种是历史"末世论"和"终结论",另一种是后现代历史观.本文就历史进步论与这两种思潮的关系作了具体的辨析、考察.马克思的历史进步论并不是"末世论"所讲的"历史目的论"或"神话预言",而是依据历史发展规律和人的创造性活动而确立起来的;社会进步是一个不断实现的过程,宣布"历史终结"未免荒唐.后现代历史观虽然对历史进步提出了一些值得思考的问题,但否定历史进步观的基本看法则是偏激的、片面的,科学的历史观不能没有对历史的本质、规律、发展趋向的基本把握,仅仅玩弄历史碎片只能导向历史虚无主义、相对主义.     

Is the attribution of cultural differences to minorities an expression of racial prejudice?

The social psychological literature considers two main perspectives on the study of perceived cultural differences between majorities and minorities: one proposes that perception of cultural differences is an antecedent of prejudice and another states that the attribution of cultural differences to minorities is already a hidden expression of racial prejudice. This paper offers further support to this latter perspective. One hundred and ninety-four participants answered a questionnaire measuring (1) general racist belief; (2) cultural differences attributed to Black people (hetero-ethnicization); (3) the asymmetric attribution of secondary and primary emotions to the in-group and to Black people (infra-humanization); (4) the asymmetric attribution of natural and cultural traits to in-group members and to Black people (ontologization); and (5) negative evaluation of this social category. The general racist belief scale was not anchored in a specific group and measured the belief in the inferiority of certain social groups or peoples based on biological or cultural factors. Relationships between the scales were analysed through a set of Structural Equation Models. According to the predictions, results showed that the attribution of cultural differences is a dimension of prejudice. Results also showed that attribution of cultural differences, negative evaluation of Black people, ontologization, and infra-humanization were different dimensions of a common latent factor that can be identified as racial prejudice; and that prejudice was predicted by general racist belief. Results are discussed in the light of the study of the impact of perceived cultural differences on intergroup relations and in the light of the "new racism" approaches.     

海洛因延迟强化物超快速折扣倾向的心理机制

以124名处于不同戒除时相的男性海洛因戒除者为被试, 采用金钱和海洛因延迟折扣任务(DDT), 并以基于线索暴露的渴求感测量为效度指标, 探讨了该类人群对海洛因延迟强化超快速折扣倾向及其心理机制。结果发现: (1) 相对于金钱延迟强化, 戒除者对海洛因延迟强化表现出显著的超快速折扣倾向, 且该倾向不随戒除期的延长而改变; (2) 戒除者对海洛因延迟强化的超快速折扣行为可能是其冲动性特质与海洛因相关线索共同作用的结果, 海洛因相对于金钱折扣率的增量部分可能反映了海洛因及其相关线索对该类人群主观渴求感的诱发效应。     

朱熹与康德道德哲学契合之探寻

朱熹与康德作为中西方最重要的哲学家,对道德的思考有着一定的相似性.他们都试图通过把握一个超验概念进而展开他们的道德哲学;认为道德法则在本质上是先验、普遍与绝对的;个人的幸福和欲望应从属于普遍的道德法则,主张道德自律;坚持道义优先,拒绝对道德进行功利主义的理解.但是由于两种道德哲学的根本价值指向不同,结果也导致了两种理论的不同遭遇和命运.     

美国多宗教代表团参访中国道教协会

9月1日,中国道教协会副会长黄信阳出席了在北京国际俱乐部举行的“中美对话论坛”,与来访的美国进步中心代表团一行进行了座谈。该代表团是应中国人民外交学会、香港中美交流基金会的邀请访华的,代表团由美国进步中心主席、前白宫办公厅主任约翰&#183;波德斯塔任团长,成员包括美前参院民主党领袖、前国防部副部长、前中情局局长、洛杉矶市议会议长等。     

以马克思主义意识形态建设推进社会主义核心价值观认同

意识形态反映了社会群体的利益诉求,其核心就是社会价值观,主流意识形态在促进社会群体的认同中起着主要的导向和激励作用.在社会思潮多样性的背景下,应当加强马克思主义意识形态建设,通过核心价值观认同,来促进社会认同.这就要求相关部门构建具有广泛感召力的社会主义核心价值体系,通过公共政策来体现社会主义核心价值观,通过大众文化来渗透社会主义核心价值观.     

Environmental enrichment improves behavioral performance and auditory spatial representation of primary auditory cortical neurons in rat

Environmental enrichment (EE) has an important role in brain plasticity. Early research has shown that EE increases the response strength of neurons in the auditory cortex, but it remains unknown whether EE can influence the process of spatial localization in the auditory system. In this study, we raised rats in enriched and standard conditions from postnatal day 10 to day 56. By testing behavioral tasks via auditory cues, we have shown that EE improved the number of correct scores, but decreased the reaction time and azimuth deviation in behavioral performance of sound-azimuth discrimination. By in vivo extracellular recording, we have shown that EE enhanced the directional sensitivity of neurons in the primary auditory cortex. For example, EE rats had a smaller spatial receptive field, sharper frequency tuning curve and directional selective curve of auditory neurons compared with normal rats. Our findings indicate that early exposure to EE increases directional sensitivity. These results provide an insight into developmental plasticity in the auditory system.