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491.
Ya Wang Yi-bing Zhang Lu-lu Liu Ji-fang Cui Jing Wang David H. K. Shum Therese van Amelsvoort Raymond C. K. Chan 《Neuropsychology review》2017,27(1):46-61
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are characterized by executive dysfunction, and working memory (WM) comprises one core component of executive function. Many studies have investigated WM impairments in individuals with ASD, however, a conclusive agreement has not been reached. The present study provided a meta-analytic review of WM impairments in individuals with ASD and evaluated potential moderating variables of this problem. Twenty-eight studies were included in this study, and the participants comprised 819 individuals with ASD and 875 healthy controls. A significant WM impairment (Cohen’s d?=??0.61) was identified in the individuals with ASD, however, this impairment was not associated with age. Results of moderation analyses showed that (a) spatial WM was more severely impaired than verbal WM and (b) the component of cognitive processing (maintenance vs. maintenance plus manipulation) did not affect the severity of WM impairments. These findings suggest that WM is impaired in individuals with ASD and may have implications for interventions related to WM impairments in these individuals. 相似文献
492.
Two hypotheses have been proposed regarding the response that is triggered by observing others’ pain: the “empathizing hypothesis” and the “threat value of pain hypothesis.” The former suggests that observing others’ pain triggers an empathic response. The latter suggests that it activates the threat-detection system. In the present study, participants were instructed to observe pictures that showed an anonymous hand or foot in a painful or non-painful situation in a threatening or friendly social context. Event-related potentials were recorded when the participants passively observed these pictures in different contexts. We observed an interaction between context and picture in the early automatic N1 component, in which the painful pictures elicited a larger amplitude than the non-painful pictures only in the threatening context and not in the friendly context. We also observed an interaction between context and picture in the late P3 component, in which the painful pictures elicited a larger amplitude than the non-painful pictures only in the friendly context and not in the threatening context. These results indicate that specific social contexts can modulate the neural responses to observing others’ pain. The “empathic hypothesis” and “threat value of pain hypothesis” are not mutually exclusive and do not contradict each other but rather work in different temporal stages. 相似文献
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指示性手势是指明空间中某个物体、处所或事件的手部动作,在婴儿1岁时出现,与婴儿的语言学习存在着较强的相关,然而目前尚不清楚为什么会存在此相关。可能存在两种内在机制:(1)指示性手势影响婴儿的学习环境——引发了适时的语言输入;(2)影响学习者本身——帮助婴儿创造有效的学习状态并示意给他人。未来的研究需要探讨这两种机制如何交互作用,以及如何将指示性手势作为诊断或干预工具,用于识别和帮助有语言障碍风险的个体。 相似文献
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Kersten et al (1997 Perception 26 171-192) found that the perceived motion of an object in a 3-D scene was determined by the motion of a shadow. In the present study, we compared the effect of a shadow to that of a second object on the ground in determining the perceived position in depth of a floating object in both dynamic and stationary scenes. Changing the second (lower) object from textured to dark increased the influence of the second object on the judged position of the first object. Giving the second object zero thickness had this effect only if it was also dark. Variations in the height of the floating object were important with a second object but not with a shadow, in motion scenes. With alternative shadows present, the position of the floating object was determined primarily by matching speeds, with matching sizes as a secondary factor. These results show some similarities but important differences between the effect of a second object and that of a shadow. 相似文献
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中国人的人格特点与中国人人格量表(QZPS与QZPS-SF)的常模 总被引:31,自引:4,他引:27
该研究的目的是确定中国人人格量表(QZm与QZPS-SF)的常模,明确每一个因素的含义,为QZPS的应用做好准备。5000余名年龄在16∽55岁之间的被试构成了常模群体。将被试分为青年组(16∽25岁)、青壮年组(26∽40岁)和中年组(41∽55岁)后,比较了不同年龄、性别被试的人格特点。 相似文献
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