事件合理性对句子阅读的影响

事件合理性在句子阅读中作用的研究有助于明确句子阅读时各种信息的时间整合进程, 进一步建构语言理解的系统构架。研究表明事件合理性会影响句子阅读。一方面, 句子阅读的很多研究方法都可以用来考察事件合理性; 另一方面, 事件合理性研究结果的解释可以补充句子理解机制。目前研究者们对事件合理性能否即时影响句子阅读存在争议, 而且影响事件合理性的因素有很多, 因此以后的研究应平衡好各种影响因素, 也可采用双语被试来研究句子合理性。     

儿童心理虐待与抑郁：自动思维的中介作用

目的：运用结构方程模型验证儿童心理虐待、自动思维与抑郁的关系。方法：采用儿童心理虐待量表、自动思维问卷（ATQ）及自评抑郁量表（SDS）,对黑龙江省838名初中生进行调查。结果：儿童心理虐待对自动思维及抑郁有直接影响（β=0.245,β=0.674,均P＜0.001）;自动思维在儿童心理虐待对抑郁的影响中起部分中介作用(Z=51.2,P＜0.01)。结论：自动思维在儿童心理虐待和抑郁之间起中介作用,表明可以从认知方面改善心理虐待初中生的抑郁状态。     

公共卫生领域非传统安全威胁及应对

医学公共卫生领域非传统安全威胁历来是而且当今仍然是威胁人类自身生存的重大社会安全问题.重大传染病的暴发、自杀、现代医学高科技等现象动辄呈现出全球化趋势,尤其是SARS的爆发,突出了公共卫生的重要性,给我国公共卫生的管理及政策制定提出了更高要求:应真正建立起以"预防为主"的公共卫生体系,加强中国与国际的安全合作,加强公民的医学和健康教育.这是由公共卫生本身的性质和时代的发展共同决定的.     

The Impact of World Knowledge on the Processing of Mandarin Possessive Reflexive <Emphasis Type="Italic">zijide</Emphasis>

It has long been considered that the Mandarin possessive reflexive zijide can be either locally bound or long distance bound, leading to ambiguity where it fails to exclusively refer back to either long distance binding NP or the local NP. In addition to syntactic factors such as the local versus long distance division, the present study examined the potential influence of general world knowledge on the interpretation of zijide. Three experiments, two offline sentence evaluation tasks and one online sentence reading task, found that zijide could be either facilitated or impeded by world knowledge carried in the NPs of the sentence. The results showed that in some cases, zijide was considered exclusively referring back to the long distance NP. These findings seemed to support the notion of subject orientation effect and demonstrated the influence of world knowledge on the processing of Mandarin possessive reflexive zijide.     

Effect of 45‐Day −6° Head‐Down Bed Rest on Cooperation and Aggression

High levels of cooperation and low aggression seem obviously vital to the successful implementation of space missions. To elucidate the effect of microgravity on these behaviors, we investigated whether cooperative and aggressive behaviors would be affected in 16 male volunteers during 45‐day ?6° head‐down bed rest, which is a reliable simulation model for most physiological effects of spaceflight. We used an ultimatum game task to evaluate the cooperative behavior and a revised competitive reaction time test to evaluate the aggressive behavior simultaneously. We found that (1) the participants became less cooperative in the post‐bed rest phase in comparison with the pre‐bed rest phase and (2) the participants became more aggressive in the in‐bed rest phase in comparison with the pre‐bed rest phase. These findings provide evidence that head‐down bed rest may affect both cooperative and aggressive behaviors in males, suggesting an important perspective for future studies in space psychology.Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On Enhancing the Cross‐Cultural Comparability of Likert‐Scale Personality and Value Measures: A Comparison of Common Procedures

This study aims to evaluate a number of procedures that have been proposed to enhance cross‐cultural comparability of personality and value data. A priori procedures (anchoring vignettes and direct measures of response styles (i.e. acquiescence, extremity, midpoint responding, and social desirability), a posteriori procedures focusing on data transformations prior to analysis (ipsatization and item parcelling), and two data modelling procedures (treating data as continuous vs as ordered categories) were compared using data collected from university students in 16 countries. We found that (i) anchoring vignettes showed lack of invariance, so they were not bias‐free; (ii) anchoring vignettes showed higher internal consistencies than raw scores where all other correction procedures, notably ipsatization, showed lower internal consistencies; (iii) in measurement invariance testing, no procedure yielded scalar invariance; anchoring vignettes and item parcelling slightly improved comparability, response style correction did not affect it, and ipsatization resulted in lower comparability; (iv) treating Likert‐scale data as categorical resulted in higher levels of comparability; (v) factor scores of scales extracted from different procedures showed similar correlational patterning; and (vi) response style correction was the only procedure that suggested improvement in external validity of country‐level conscientiousness. We conclude that, although no procedure resolves all comparability issues, anchoring vignettes, parcelling, and treating data as ordered categories seem promising to alleviate incomparability. We advise caution in uncritically applying any of these procedures. Copyright © 2017 European Association of Personality Psychology     

自我对跨期决策的影响——基于个人-集体主义文化视角

跨期决策是指发生在不同时期的收益和成本的权衡决策。已有研究发现, 决策者的自我意识对跨期决策有着重要影响, 个人?集体主义文化在自我形成中起着重要作用, 但当文化因素被纳入自我对跨期决策影响的研究中时, 三者间的关系显得模糊不清。为了从已有文献中厘清三者间的理论关系, 我们基于个人?集体主义文化视角, 综述了自我对跨期决策影响的相关研究：介绍了跨期决策的相关概念及理论, 详细阐述了跨期决策中的两种自我理论(多重自我模型和自我连续性模型), 探讨了个人?集体主义文化对自我的影响, 并简要介绍了个人主义与集体主义文化下人们的跨期决策偏好差异及其心理机制。最后, 分别从研究内容、研究方法与实际应用三个方面, 提出了将个人?集体主义文化这一因素纳入自我对跨期决策影响过程、系统地考虑三者间关系的研究构想, 以期为未来研究提供新的思路, 深化人们对跨期决策机制的理解。     

微创手术治疗肺癌面临问题的思考

作为一种新兴技术,微创外科手术治疗肺癌备受争议.运用唯物辩证法的基本原理,分析这种技术产生的背景、临床应用价值及发展前景,并与传统手术方法作了客观辨证的比较.认为微创外科治疗肺癌,在临床应用有其积极意义,值得肯定.     

阿尔兹海默症及轻度认知障碍静息态大尺度脑网络功能连接的改变

静息态功能磁共振成像作为非侵入性可视化成像方法, 且数据采集简便易行, 已成为探索阿尔兹海默症及轻度认知障碍脑功能变异的主要成像手段。近年来静息态研究显示在其前驱症状期轻度认知障碍阶段患者已显现出静息态脑网络的变异, 而阿尔兹海默症患者的网络改变更加弥散。研究发现随着病程推进, 患者显示出默认网络连接逐渐减弱以及额叶认知网络连接先增强后减弱的整体趋势。此外, 脑结构和功能网络的改变并非单向因果关系, 二者在病程进展中存在交互作用。未来研究可以从诊断的标志性神经通路、疗效的大尺度脑网络标记, 以及疾病的异质性等角度入手, 进一步探索静息态脑网络作为阿尔兹海默症诊断和病程监控指标的可能性。     

分类的样例观及其研究进展

分类研究近年来已成为认知科学研究的一个重点,样例观是基于相似性表征的,自从产生以来获得了很大发展。该文对于样例观及其近年来出现的样例模型进行了比较全面的介绍,然后介绍了心理学界针对样例观的争论,最后提出各种分类模型的整合是未来样例观的发展趋势。