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971.
Hadjistavropoulos T Craig KD Duck S Cano A Goubert L Jackson PL Mogil JS Rainville P Sullivan MJ de C Williams AC Vervoort T Fitzgerald TD 《Psychological bulletin》2011,137(6):910-939
We present a detailed framework for understanding the numerous and complicated interactions among psychological and social determinants of pain through examination of the process of pain communication. The focus is on an improved understanding of immediate dyadic transactions during painful events in the context of broader social phenomena. Fine-grain consideration of social transactions during pain leads to an appreciation of sociobehavioral events affecting both suffering persons as well as caregivers. Our examination considers knowledge from a variety of perspectives, including clinical health psychology, social and developmental processes, evolutionary psychology, communication studies, and behavioral neuroscience. 相似文献
972.
When reaching goals, organisms must simultaneously meet the overarching goal of conserving energy. According to the law of least effort, organisms will select the means associated with the least effort. The mechanisms underlying this bias remain unknown. One
hypothesis is that organisms come to avoid situations associated with unnecessary effort by generating a negative valence
toward the stimuli associated with such situations. Accordingly, merely using a dysfunctional, ‘slow’ computer mouse causes
participants to dislike ambient neutral images (Study 1). In Study 2, nonsense shapes were liked less when associated with
effortful processing (135° of mental rotation) versus easier processing (45° of rotation). Complementing ‘fluency’ effects
found in perceptuo-semantic research, valence emerged from action-related processing in a principled fashion. The findings
imply that negative valence associations may underlie avoidance motivations, and have practical implications for educational/workplace
contexts in which effort and positive affect are conducive to success. 相似文献
973.
Achim AM Lefèbvre AA Cellard C Bouchard RH Roy MA Tremblay S 《Brain and cognition》2011,75(2):147-153
Source recognition memory deficits have repeatedly been observed in people with schizophrenia (SZ), and have also recently been observed in their first-degree relatives. These deficits have been hypothesized to result, at least in part, from impairments in the conscious recollection process. Although other processes are clearly also affected in SZ, it has been proposed that impairments in the conscious recollection process could be a parsimonious explanation for the source memory deficits observed in their relatives. Here, we tested 25 patients with SZ and 34 of their non-affected parents, as well as two groups of matched healthy controls, on a short-term associative memory task that shares the characteristics of standard source recognition tasks but minimizes the need for recollection of stored information from memory. This task was administered in order to determine if deficits can still be observed in these people when involvement of the conscious recollection process is minimized. We observed deficits on our short-term source memory task in people with SZ, but their first-degree relatives did not share this deficit. These results support the idea that multiple memory processes supporting associative/source memory are affected in SZ, whereas the source memory deficits previously observed in relatives of SZ seem specific to tasks that rely on the conscious recollection process. 相似文献
974.
Joah L. Williams Christopher J. Monahan Meghan E. McDevitt-Murphy 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2011,33(4):514-522
Although DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) include three primary symptom clusters, recent evidence from
confirmatory factor analyses suggest that the latent structure of PTSD is better represented by four factors, which will likely
be reflected in the upcoming DSM-5. Given this likely transition from three to four clusters, the present study sought to
examine specific and non-specific aspects of dysphoria in the factor structure of PTSD symptoms in a sample of OEF/OIF combat
veterans presenting to a Veterans Affairs primary care clinic. PTSD symptoms were assessed using the PCL-M (Weathers et al.
1993). Results from confirmatory factor analyses suggested that a dysphoria factor involving a number of non-specific distress
symptoms may be an important part of the PTSD symptom profile. After controlling for variance due to general psychological
distress, we further found that factor loadings on the dysphoria factor were attenuated but continued to significantly load
onto the factor, suggesting that dysphoria may be a specific part of the PTSD symptom constellation. 相似文献
975.
976.
Derek Chadee Grace Sooknanan Diana Williams 《Journal of applied social psychology》2017,47(12):696-702
The current study proposed general health as a predictor of fear of crime with risk perception and general fear as mediating factors. Data were collected from a randomly selected household sample using face to face interviews (n = 300) and utilizing the following scales: general health, general fear, fear of crime, and perceived risk of victimization. Findings confirm hypothesis that persons with low general health will experience higher fear of crime, a relationship mediated by both general fear and perceived risk of victimization. A significant gender difference was observed with general fear significantly mediating relationship for females, and risk of perceived victimization mediating for males. Implications of findings are discussed in the context of previous and future research. 相似文献
977.
Although Konkle, Brady, Alvarez, and Oliva (2010, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 139(3), 558) claim that visual long-term memory (VLTM) is organized on underlying conceptual, not perceptual, information, visual memory results from visual search tasks are not well explained by this theory. We hypothesized that when viewing an object, any task-relevant visual information is critical to the organizational structure of VLTM. In two experiments, we examined the organization of VLTM by measuring the amount of retroactive interference created by objects possessing different combinations of task-relevant features. Based on task instructions, only the conceptual category was task relevant or both the conceptual category and a perceptual object feature were task relevant. Findings indicated that when made task relevant, perceptual object feature information, along with conceptual category information, could affect memory organization for objects in VLTM. However, when perceptual object feature information was task irrelevant, it did not contribute to memory organization; instead, memory defaulted to being organized around conceptual category information. These findings support the theory that a task-defined organizational structure is created in VLTM based on the relevance of particular object features and information. 相似文献
978.
979.
980.
In this analysis, we explore how low-income African American fathers build understandings of successful manhood in the context of community-based responsible fatherhood programs. Drawing on life history interviews with 75 men in Illinois and Indiana, we explore men’s attempts to fulfill normative expectations of fatherhood while living in communities with limited resources. We examine the efforts of community-based fatherhood programs to shape alternative African American masculinities through facilitation of personal turning points and “breaks with the past,” use of social support and institutional interventions, and the reframing of provision as a priority of successful fatherhood. We refer to Connell’s hegemonic masculinity framework (Connell in Masculinities, Polity Press, Cambridge, 1995) and discuss how both men and programs borrow from hegemonic and street masculinities to develop alternative approaches to paternal involvement for marginalized men. 相似文献