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101.
Aïte A Cassotti M Rossi S Poirel N Lubin A Houdé O Moutier S 《Journal of experimental child psychology》2012,113(2):286-294
Converging developmental decision-making studies have demonstrated that until late adolescence, individuals prefer options for which the risk of a loss is low regardless of the final outcome. Recent works have shown a similar inability to consider both loss frequency and final outcome among adults. The current study aimed to identify developmental changes in feedback-monitoring ability to consider both loss frequency and final outcome in decision making under ambiguity. Children, adolescents, and adults performed an adapted version of the Soochow Gambling Task. Our results showed that children and adolescents presented an exclusive preference for options associated with infrequent punishment. In contrast, only adults seemed to consider both loss frequency and the final outcome by favoring the advantageous options when the frequency of losses was low. These findings suggest that the ability to integrate both loss frequency and final outcome develops with age. Moreover, the analysis of strategic adjustments following gains and losses reveals that adults switch less often after losses compared with children and adolescents. This finding suggests that psychological tolerance to loss may facilitate learning the characteristics of each option and improve the ability to choose advantageously. 相似文献
102.
Investigating the neuronal network underlying language processing may contribute to a better understanding of how the brain masters this complex cognitive function with surprising ease and how language is acquired at a fast pace in infancy. Modern neuroimaging methods permit to visualize the evolvement and the function of the language network. The present paper focuses on a specific methodology, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), providing an overview over studies on auditory language processing and acquisition. The methodology detects oxygenation changes elicited by functional activation of the cerebral cortex. The main advantages for research on auditory language processing and its development during infancy are an undemanding application, the lack of instrumental noise, and its potential to simultaneously register electrophysiological responses. Also it constitutes an innovative approach for studying developmental issues in infants and children. The review will focus on studies on word and sentence processing including research in infants and adults. 相似文献
103.
Chiasson JP Stavro K Rizkallah E Lapierre L Dussault M Legault L Potvin S 《Journal of attention disorders》2012,16(8):661-663
Objective: To assess the specificity of the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-v1.1) in detecting ADHD among individuals with substance use disorders (SUDs). Method: A chart review of 183 SUD patients was conducted. Patients were screened for ADHD with the ASRS-v1.1 and were later assessed by a psychiatrist specialized in ADHD. Results: Among SUD patients scoring positive results on the ASRS-v1.1 for the presence of ADHD, the ADHD diagnosis could only be confirmed in 26% of the sample by an expert psychiatrist. Conclusion: The ASRS-v1.1 reports low specificity in detecting ADHD among SUD populations. 相似文献
104.
105.
Research on offenders with intellectual disabilities (IDs) in the criminal justice arena is on the rise, reflected by a growing number of relevant publications each year. However, there is a long recognized methodological problem that hampers the comparability of empirical studies and that raises doubts about the accuracy of prevalence rates, comorbidities, and various correlates and characteristics. In this paper we will argue that the crux of the problem can, on the one hand, be found in the plurality of assessment methods for intelligence and adaptive functioning, which are not all sufficiently reliable and valid. On the other hand, assessment of IQ in criminal justice and mental health-related areas appears to be informed more by practical aspects and needs rather than grounded in a solid theoretical model. Hence, we suggest that the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) model of intelligence has potential value in this regard, and deserves a closer look. Finally, we will discuss its incorporation into, and possible implications for, criminal justice practice and future study designs. 相似文献
106.
Francesco Pagnini Christian Lunetta Paolo Banfi Gabriella Rossi Ksenija Gorni Gianluca Castelnuovo Massimo Corbo Enrico Molinari 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2012,31(1):79-87
A large number of studies have investigated a variety of psychological aspects in people with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis,
but there is still considerable uncertainty concerning the actual morbidity, in particular for anxiety. We aim to evaluate
depression levels and anxiety disposition in ALS patients and their caregivers, in comparison to healthy controls. We conducted
a cross-sectional comparison between people with ALS, their caregivers and a non-clinical control group in order to evaluate
anxiety and depression levels. 40 ALS patients, their caregivers and 40 healthy adult subjects completed the Beck Depression
Inventory II (BDI-II) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory—Y2 scale (STAI). We compared overall and single item scores in
order to find differences between the three groups. BDI-II scores were significantly different between groups. Depression
scores were higher for patients than for healthy controls, in both somatic and psychological sub-scales. Caregivers presented
higher levels of psychological depression in comparison with healthy controls, and lower scores of somatic depression in comparison
to patients. No differences were found in trait anxiety levels comparing the three groups. ALS patients and their caregivers
developed more depression related symptomatology than the non-clinical sample. However, susceptibility to anxiety for both
patients and caregivers seemed to be at a normal level. 相似文献
107.
Jean-Pierre Dupuy 《Nanoethics》2010,4(2):153-170
The five narratives identified by the DEEPEN-project are interpreted in terms of the ancient story of desire, evil, and the
sacred, and the modern narratives of alienation and exploitation. The first three narratives of lay ethics do not take stock
of what has radically changed in the modern world under the triple and joint evolution of science, religion, and philosophy.
The modern narratives, in turn, are in serious need of a post-modern deconstruction. Both critiques express the limits of
humanism. They do not imply, however, that these narratives should not be taken seriously. In particular, the enduring presence
of three ancient narratives in laypeople’s symbolic thought is highly significant in terms of the role that the logic of the
sacred keeps playing in the workings of modern societies. Lay people’s implicit understanding of how modern technology tends
towards catastrophe and apocalypse provides the strongest argument for taking these narratives seriously. 相似文献
108.
Hélène Beaunieux Valérie Hubert Thomas Witkowski Anne-Lise Pitel Sandrine Rossi Jean-Marie Danion 《Memory (Hove, England)》2013,21(5):521-539
Procedural memory is characterised by a relative resistance to pathology, making its assessment of the utmost importance. However, few studies have looked at the cognitive processes involved in cognitive procedural learning. In an initial experiment, we studied the role of different cognitive functions in massed cognitive procedural learning. Our results confirmed the existence of three separate learning phases and, for the first time, demonstrated the involvement of episodic memory and executive functions in the first learning phase. In a second experiment, we studied the effect of distributed learning conditions on the dynamics of procedural learning. This second study confirmed our results but showed that these conditions slow down the process of cognitive procedural learning. Our overall findings call into question the status of functionally autonomous memory system that is currently allotted to procedural memory, and suggest that the role of nonprocedural cognitive components should be taken into account in patient rehabilitation. 相似文献
109.
110.
Paul T. van der Heijden Jos I. M. Egger Gina M. P. Rossi Jan J. L. Derksen 《Journal of personality assessment》2013,95(4):345-357
Twenty Es administered Rorschachs expecting Ss to give high or low total numbers of responses, high or low animal in relation to human percentages, and one or another extreme of select personality characteristics. Additionally, each tested a control S expecting “nothing remarkable.” Results indicated tester-bias and suggested that within each comparison group, one expectancy condition contributed disproportionately more to the bias effect than did the other. Video tapes of 20 sessions were analyzed to see whether a Bandura modeling paradigm could account for the mediation of bias; i.e., whether Es modeled their expectancies for the benefit of their Ss and whether Ss consequently imitated their models. This was not supported. 相似文献