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101.
Benjamin Rossi 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2018,21(3):553-567
Hypocrisy is widely thought to be morally objectionable in a way that undermines the hypocrite’s moral standing to blame others. To wit, we seem to intuitively accept the “Nonhypocrisy Condition:” R has the standing to blame S for some violation of a moral norm N only if R’s blaming S is not hypocritical. This claim has been the subject of intensifying philosophical investigation in recent years. However, we can only understand why hypocrisy is morally objectionable and has an effect on standing to blame if we can correctly characterize hypocrisy itself. Unfortunately, some recent discussions fail to do this, which fatally undermines subsequent arguments concerning the effect of hypocrisy on the standing to blame. This paper’s central aim is to develop and defend a better account of hypocrisy. The hope is that with such an account in hand, we can explain and perhaps justify our moral aversion to hypocrisy in general as well as the Nonhypocrisy Condition in particular. 相似文献
102.
Debarnot U Valenza G Champely S Scilingo EP De Rossi D Guillot A 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2011,11(1):22-31
Physical practice is known to enhance motor adaptation skills, which refer to the individual ability to compensate for environmental
changes. So far, it is still unknown whether a similar effect can be observed following motor imagery (MI). Thirty-nine participants
were tested during a joystick tracking task under both normal and mirror conditions (i.e., the inductive direction of the
joystick was reversed), before and after a physical practice or MI training phase. Eye movements and electromyographic activity
were recorded during MI. Motor performance was also evaluated after a 6 h interval during daytime. As compared to the control
group, the results revealed that both MI and physical practice improved motor performance in the mirror condition, during
the post-training test. Furthermore, the time to complete the task was further reduced after 6 hours, both in the normal and
mirror conditions. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of MI for learning mirror-reversed movements, and for the consolidation
process that follows motor adaptation. 相似文献
103.
Tracing the connections from brain functions to children's cognitive development and education is a major goal of modern neuroscience. We performed the first meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data obtained over the past decade (1999-2008) on more than 800 children and adolescents in three core systems of cognitive development and school learning: numerical abilities, reading, and executive functions (i.e. cognitive control). We ran Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE) meta-analyses to obtain regions of reliable activity across all the studies. The results indicate that, unlike results usually reported for adults, children primarily engage the frontal cortex when solving numerical tasks. With age, there may be a shift from reliance on the frontal cortex to reliance on the parietal cortex. In contrast, the frontal, temporo-parietal and occipito-temporal regions at work during reading in children are very similar to those reported in adults. The executive frontal regions are also consistent with the imaging literature on cognitive control in adults, but the developmental comparison between children and adolescents demonstrates a key role of the anterior insular cortex (AIC) with an additional right AIC involvement in adolescents. 相似文献
104.
The present study aimed to investigate whether an interference task might impact the sleep-dependent consolidation process of a mentally learned sequence of movements. Thirty-two participants were subjected to a first training session through motor imagery (MI) or physical practice (PP) of a finger sequence learning task. After 2 h, half of the participants were requested to perform a second interfering PP task (reversed finger sequence). All participants were finally re-tested following a night of sleep on the first finger sequence. The main findings revealed delayed performance gains following a night of sleep in the MI group, i.e. the interfering task did not alter the consolidation process, by contrast to the PP group. These results confirm that MI practice might result in less retroactive interference than PP, and further highlight the relevance of the first night of sleep for the consolidation process following MI practice. These data might thus contribute to determine in greater details the practical implications of mental training in motor learning and rehabilitation. 相似文献
105.
The aim of the present study was to investigate working memory for ballet moves in expert dancers. Experiment 1 showed that a concurrent spatial task did not interfere with the recall of a sequence of ballet moves when these were encoded alone without being associated with spatial locations. Experiment 2 showed that a concurrent motor task selectively interfered with the recall of ballet moves while neither a concurrent motor task nor a spatial task affected recall of the specific locations where each ballet move had to be performed. Experiment 3 showed that spatial interference affected recall of sequences of locations when these were encoded alone. Finally, in Experiment 4, a similarity effect for patterned ballet movements was shown. Taken together results show that spatial interference does not affect short‐term memory for ballet moves thus suggesting that working memory might contain a system for motor configurations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
106.
The first urgent question for any scholar willing to study the Open Source (OS) movement has been clearly put by Glass (1999,
104): I don’t know who these crazy people are who want to write, read and even revise all that code without being paid anything
for it at all. A growing body of economic literature has been addressing the motivations at the basis of the participation in the OS movement
since when the new paradigm has become successful and triggered the entrance on the market of firms offering Open Source based
products and services (Open Source firms). However, most of the empirical analyses focus on individual developers and neglect companies that adopt Open Source business
models. This paper contributes to the literature by providing empirical evidence on the incentives of the firms that engage
in OS activities. Findings on firms’ motivations are compared
His recent research interests are in the economics of science, industrial dynamics in high technology industries, and theory
and empirics of diffusion of technologies with network externality. He has authored or edited five books and written 80 papers
in international journals and conferences. His studies have been published in several top refereed journals. He is member
elected of the Executive Committee of the PRIME (Policies for Research and Innovation in the Move towards the European Research
Area) Network of Excellence (6th Framework Programme) and has previously coordinated or contributed actively to several EU research projects (within TACIS-ACE,
DG III, DG XII and DG XXII).
She got her Ph.D. in economics and management of innovation at Sant’ Anna School in November 2003. At present, she collaborates
also with the Department of Electrical Systems and Automation of the University of Pisa. Her research interests deal with
the economics of open source software (OSS) and focus on profit-oriented firms that offer open source-based products and services
(open source firms). Under a theoretical point of view, she is now investigating the motivations that lead individuals to
provide a continuous stream of contributions to collective goods that are immaterial in their nature (e.g., participation
in OSS projects, participation in the scientific community). with the results of the surveys on individual programmers aiming
at analyzing the role played by different classes of incentives (social, economic and technological) in determining the involvement
in the movement of different typologies of agents (Individual vs. organizations). 相似文献
107.
Philosophical Studies - Revenge arguments purport to show that any proposed solution to the semantic paradoxes generates new paradoxes that prove that solution to be inadequate. In this paper, I... 相似文献
108.
This paper argues that Deonna and Teroni's attitudinal theory of emotions faces two serious problems. The first is that their master argument fails to establish the central tenet of the theory, namely, that the formal objects of emotions do not feature in the content of emotions. The second is that the attitudinal theory itself is vulnerable to a dilemma. By pointing out these problems, our paper provides indirect support to the main competitor of the attitudinal theory, namely, the perceptual theory of emotions. 相似文献
109.
Literature on inductive reasoning shows that when testing hypotheses, people are biased toward the use of confirmatory strategies (P. C. Wason, 1960). In the present article, the authors presented 2 studies showing how people use confirmation and disconfirmation strategies during actual interaction in problem solving. Study 1 showed that participants were able to learn to use disconfirmation when confronted with a low-competence, nonthreatening partner. When the partner was high in competence (thereby threatening the participant's competence), participants used confirmation, even when the partner used disconfirmation. In Study 2, the authors aimed at generalizing the aforementioned results by exploring the hypothesis that disconfirmation stems from the possibility of diverging from norms. Participants who were confronted with the violation of a conversational norm used a high proportion of disconfirmation, whatever the source of influence. When there was no violation but there was a low-competence partner, the proportion of disconfirmation was high; when there was no violation but there was a high-competence partner, the proportion of disconfirmation was low. The authors discussed the interpersonal functions of confirmation and disconfirmation. 相似文献
110.
Beaunieux H Hubert V Witkowski T Pitel AL Rossi S Danion JM Desgranges B Eustache F 《Memory (Hove, England)》2006,14(5):521-539
Procedural memory is characterised by a relative resistance to pathology, making its assessment of the utmost importance. However, few studies have looked at the cognitive processes involved in cognitive procedural learning. In an initial experiment, we studied the role of different cognitive functions in massed cognitive procedural learning. Our results confirmed the existence of three separate learning phases and, for the first time, demonstrated the involvement of episodic memory and executive functions in the first learning phase. In a second experiment, we studied the effect of distributed learning conditions on the dynamics of procedural learning. This second study confirmed our results but showed that these conditions slow down the process of cognitive procedural learning. Our overall findings call into question the status of functionally autonomous memory system that is currently allotted to procedural memory, and suggest that the role of nonprocedural cognitive components should be taken into account in patient rehabilitation. 相似文献