Barlett CP  Harris RJ  Baldassaro R 《Aggressive behavior》2007,33(6):486-497

This study investigated the effects of video game play on aggression. Using the General Aggression Model, as applied to video games by Anderson and Bushman, [2002] this study measured physiological arousal, state hostility, and how aggressively participants would respond to three hypothetical scenarios. In addition, this study measured each of these variables multiple times to gauge how aggression would change with increased video game play. Results showed a significant increase from baseline in hostility and aggression (based on two of the three story stems), which is consistent with the General Aggression Model. This study adds to the existing literature on video games and aggression by showing that increased play of a violent first person shooter video game can significantly increase aggression from baseline.  相似文献   

    

Ross S  Heath NL 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》2003,33(3):277-287

Currently little research exists examining the theoretical underpinnings of self-mutilation (SM) in community samples of adolescents. Two models, the hostility and anxiety reduction models, were simultaneously tested in order to determine whether SM in adolescence was characterized by greater feelings of anxiety and hostility. Four hundred and forty students were screened for the presence of SM. Sixty-one students who indicated that they hurt themselves as well as a comparison group of non-SM students completed the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire (HDHQ), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and an interview. Results indicate support for the hostility model of SM. Students who SM reported significantly more anxiety and more intropunitive and extrapunitive hostility. In addition, prior to self-mutilating feelings of both hostility and anxiety were described. Results are discussed with reference to both theoretical models.  相似文献   

    

Ross L  Schaal DW 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2002,77(2):199-208

The present experiment assessed the effects of cocaine on the lever pressing of 4 rats maintained during 15-min sessions by a fixed-ratio 50 schedule of food reinforcement. Across phases, supplemental food was provided either immediately or 2 hr after sessions. Two rats began the experiment in the delayed-feeding condition, and 2 began the experiment in the immediate-feeding condition. Rates of lever pressing of 2 rats sometimes decreased to low levels near the ends of sessions when supplemental feeding was provided immediately, but were consistently high throughout sessions when supplemental feeding was delayed. Cocaine (1.0 to 17.0 or 30.0 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally 15 min prior to test sessions. In most cases, cocaine suppressed response rates at lower doses under immediate-feeding conditions. Decreases in overall response rates were correlated with dosedependent increases in the time rats spent not responding. It is suggested that delaying the time of postsession feeding increased response strength, as indicated by greater resistance to the rate-suppressive effects of cocaine.  相似文献   

    

Ross WD  Pessoa L 《Perception & psychophysics》2000,62(6):1160-1181

As has been observed by Wallach (1948), perceived lightness is proportional to the ratio between the luminances of adjacent regions in simple disk-annulus or bipartite scenes. This psychophysical finding resonates with neurophysiological evidence that retinal mechanisms of receptor adaptation and lateral inhibition transform the incoming illuminance array into local measures of luminance contrast. In many scenic configurations, however, the perceived lightness of a region is not proportional to its ratio with immediately adjacent regions. In a particularly striking example of this phenomenon, called White's illusion, the relationship between the perceived lightnesses of two gray regions is the opposite of what is predicted by local edge ratios or contrasts. This paper offers a new treatment of how local measures of luminance contrast can be selectively integrated to simulate lightness percepts in a wide range of image configurations. Our approach builds on a tradition of edge integration models (Horn, 1974; Land & McCann, 1971) and contrast/filling-in models (Cohen & Grossberg, 1984; Gerrits & Vendrik 1970; Grossberg & Mingolla, 1985a, 1985b). Our selective integration model (SIM) extends the explanatory power of previous models, allowing simulation of a number of phenomena, including White's effect, the Benary Cross, and shading and transparency effects reported by Adelson (1993), as well as aspects of motion, depth, haploscopic, and Gelb induced contrast effects. We also include an independently derived variant of a recent depthful version of White's illusion, showing that our model can inspire new stimuli.  相似文献   

    

Gerald J. August Ph.D.  George M. Realmuto  Ross D. Crosby  Angus W. MacDonald III 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》1995,23(4):521-544

The present study employed a multiple-gate screening procedure to identify children at risk for the development of conduct disorder. Measures of cross-setting disruptive behavior and parent discipline practices were administered in sequential fashion to screen a population of 7,231 children attending suburban elementary schools. Convergent validity of the respective gating measures was confirmed by significant correlations with adjustment constructs. Analyses of covariance performed between positive screens, negative screens, and low-risk comparison children on adjustment constructs at each gate supported the discriminative validity of the gating procedure. Hierarchical regression analyses demonstrated that the gating measures were predictive of diagnostic ratings of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder that were obtained 18 months following the screening. A stepwise logistic regression analysis indicated that the best predictors of high-risk group membership were variables related to family process, including poor family communication and involvement, poor maternal coping skills, and an external parent locus of control.This study was supported by grant MH-46584 from the National Institute of Mental Health.  相似文献   

    

James Alistair Ross  Charlotte Green 《Counselling and Psychotherapy Research》2011,11(2):112-119

Aim: This study considers the question of whether inpatient admission for anorexia nervosa was a therapeutic experience for two women with chronic anorexia nervosa. The question of whether inpatient admission for anorexia nervosa can be therapeutic is not answerable through existing research evidence. Method: The women were interviewed about their experience of having anorexia, its impact on their lives and the treatment they received. The interviews involved learning about the women's experiences by listening to their stories rather than asking them direct questions about what has been therapeutic about their treatment. Analysis: Their narratives were used to develop understanding grounded in experience and were analysed using a narrative thematic analysis. Ideas, themes and connections were noted but not coded as found in some forms of thematic analysis. Discussion: Consideration is given to the therapeutic qualities of the treatments the women received and the place of therapeutic inpatient admission. The central theme of this research was ‘relationships’ which indicates the use of therapeutic approaches that emphasise the importance of the therapeutic relationship in the treatment of chronic anorexia nervosa. It is suggested that psychodynamic and attachment theories should be used to inform overall treatment models. Some important issues for service provision and areas for further research are identified.  相似文献   

    

Darke S  Torok M  Kaye S  Ross J 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》2010,40(6):587-596

Relationships among attempted suicide, nonsuicidal self-harm, and physical assault were examined in 400 regular users of heroin and/or psychostimulants. Twenty-eight percent had episodes of nonsuicidal self-harm, 32% had attempted suicide, and 95% had been violently assaulted. The number of suicide attempts and nonsuicidal self-harm incidents were correlated (ρ = 0.44). There were also significant correlations between the number of assaults and nonsuicidal self-harm incidents (ρ = 0.17), and suicide attempts (ρ = 0.27). The mean age onset for non-suicidal self-harm (18.9 yrs) was significantly younger than that of initial suicide (22.3 yrs). The age at initial physical assault (16.0yrs) was significantly younger than that of nonsuicidal self-harm and initial suicide attempt. Screening for all forms of violence appears warranted when determining suicide risk for this population.  相似文献   

    

Gabriela Stegmann  Ross Jacobucci  Sarfaraz Serang  Kevin J. Grimm 《Multivariate behavioral research》2013,48(4):559-570

In this article, we introduce nonlinear longitudinal recursive partitioning (nLRP) and the R package longRpart2 to carry out the analysis. This method implements recursive partitioning (also known as decision trees) in order to split data based on individual- (i.e., cluster) level covariates with the goal of predicting differences in nonlinear longitudinal trajectories. At each node, a user-specified linear or nonlinear mixed-effects model is estimated. This method is an extension of Abdolell et al.'s (2002) longitudinal recursive partitioning while permitting a nonlinear mixed-effects model in addition to a linear mixed-effects model in each node. We give an overview of recursive partitioning, nonlinear mixed-effects models for longitudinal data, describe nLRP, and illustrate its use with empirical data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Kindergarten Cohort.  相似文献   

    

Ross Deuchar  Robert D. Weide 《Deviant behavior》2013,34(7):851-865

ABSTRACT

Drawing on formal interviews and ethnographic participant observation, this paper highlights how effective gang intervention programs can and do supplant negativistic masculine identities based on violent criminality with more positivistic masculine identities based on gainful employment, family life, and desistance. The authors examine how this transition occurs at three prominent gang intervention programs in diverse transnational contexts: Los Angeles, Glasgow, and Copenhagen. In contrast to earlier work, the paper also examines how gang members can revert back to negativistic masculine identities, criminality, and violence when the support that these programs provide is withdrawn.  相似文献   

    

Elita Amini Virmani  Katherine E. Masyn  Ross A. Thompson  Nicola A. Conners‐Burrow  Leanne Whiteside Mansell 《Infant mental health journal》2013,34(2):156-172

The goal of this study was to examine the relationship between characteristics of early childhood mental health consultation (ECMHC) and changes in the quality of teacher–child interactions. One hundred forty‐one early childhood teachers, serving 3‐ to 5‐year‐olds in publically funded early education programs in the state of Arkansas, participated in this study. All childcare sites and preschool programs participating in the study received ECMHC through the Arkansas Early Childhood Mental Health Consultation Project over a period of 3 years. Findings from this study suggest that teachers exposed to ECMHC through their employment at one of the project sites made significant gains toward high‐quality teacher–child interactions relative to their initial levels of quality. In particular, delivery aspects of ECMHC and teachers’ experiences of ECMHC predicted change in quality of teacher–child interactions. Findings suggest that ECMHC may be a promising professional development intervention for teachers in early childhood settings and that specific characteristics of consultation may be particularly influential in impacting change in those settings.  相似文献