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161.
Schachar R Mota VL Logan GD Tannock R Klim P 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2000,28(3):227-235
The objective of this study was to determine whether deficient inhibitory control distinguishes children with a diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity (ADHD) disorder, conduct disorder (CD), and comorbid ADHD + CD from normally developing children. Participants were rigorously diagnosed children (age 7 to 12 years) with ADHD (N = 72), CD (N = 13) or ADHD + CD (N = 47) and 33 control children (NC). We studied inhibitory control using the stop-signal paradigm, a laboratory task that assessed the ability to inhibit an ongoing action. The ADHD group had significantly impaired inhibitory control compared to NC, CD, and ADHD + CD children. These results indicate that children with ADHD have deficient inhibition as measured in the stop-signal paradigm and that ADHD occurring in the presence of ADHD + CD may represent a phenocopy of CD rather than a variant of ADHD. 相似文献
162.
Bedard AC Ickowicz A Logan GD Hogg-Johnson S Schachar R Tannock R 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2003,31(3):315-327
Selective inhibition requires discrimination between auditory signals and is assessed using a modification of the stop-signal task. Selective inhibition was assessed in a group of 59 clinic-referred, DSM-IV-diagnosed children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and compared to that of a community sample of 59 children. Methylphenidate (MPH) effects on selective inhibition were assessed in a subset of the ADHD sample that participated in an acute, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial with 3 fixed doses of MPH. Children with ADHD performed more poorly than controls on the majority of selective stop-signal task parameters: they exhibited more anticipatory (invalid) responses, with less accurate and more variable responses on the response execution task, as well as a slower selective inhibition process. MPH improved speed of both inhibition and response execution processes; it also reduced variability of response execution and decreased nonselective inhibition. On the one hand, findings are consistent with purported inhibition deficit in ADHD, but on the other hand, suggest that neither the impairment itself, nor MPH effects, were restricted to inhibition. 相似文献
163.
The natural pedagogy hypothesis proposes that human infants preferentially attend to communicative signals from others, facilitating rapid cultural learning. In this view, sensitivity to such signals is a uniquely human adaptation and as such nonhuman animals should not produce or utilize these communicative signals. We test these evolutionary predictions by examining sensitivity to communicative cues in 206 rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) using an expectancy looking time task modeled on prior work with infants. Monkeys observed a human actor who either made eye contact and vocalized to the monkey (social cue), or waved a fruit in front of her face and produced a tapping sound (nonsocial cue). The actor then either looked at an object (referential look) or looked toward empty space (look away). We found that, unlike human infants in analogous situations, rhesus monkeys looked longer at events following nonsocial cues, regardless of the demonstrator's subsequent looking behavior. Moreover younger and older monkeys showed similar patterns of responses across development. These results provide support for the natural pedagogy hypothesis, while also highlighting evolutionary changes in human sensitivity to communicative signals. 相似文献
164.
Brianna C. Delker Carly P. Smith Marina N. Rosenthal Rosemary E. Bernstein Jennifer J. Freyd 《Journal of aggression, maltreatment & trauma》2018,27(7):720-743
Research on institutional betrayal has found that institutional wrongdoing that fails to prevent or respond supportively to victims of abuse adds to the burden of trauma. In this two-study investigation with young adult university students, we demonstrated parallels between institutional betrayal and ways that families can fail to prevent or respond supportively to child abuse perpetrated by a trusted other, a phenomenon we call family betrayal (FB). In Study 1, psychometric analysis of a new FB questionnaire provided evidence of its internal consistency, unidimensionality, and convergent and discriminant validity. The majority (approximately 72%) of young adults abused in childhood reported a history of FB, with an average of 4.26 FB events (SD = 4.45, range 0–14). Consistent with betrayal trauma theory, Study 2 revealed that FB was 4× more likely to occur in relation to childhood abuse by someone very close to the victim (vs. non-interpersonal victimization), with a particularly strong effect for female participants. FB history predicted significant delay to disclosure of a self-identified worst traumatic event (ηp2 = .017) and significant increases in dissociation (?R2 = .05) and posttraumatic stress (?R2 = .07) symptoms in young adulthood. Moreover, with FB in the regression models, only FB—not child abuse nor recent interpersonal victimization—predicted dissociation and clinically significant elevations in posttraumatic stress. Findings suggest that FB is a prevalent phenomenon among young adults abused as children and that it explains unique, clinically significant variance in posttraumatic distress, warranting increased attention from trauma researchers and clinicians. 相似文献
165.
Rosemary E. Phelps Sarah Tranakos‐Howe John C. Dagley Michelle King Lyn 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》2001,79(1):90-97
Encouragement and ethnicity were examined in 112 African American college students attending 2 historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) and a predominantly White institution (PWI). Results indicated a positive relationship between Ethnic Pride and View of Others for the HBCU group and positive relationships between Ethnic Pride and the Encouragement Scale for the PWI group. Ethnic Worry was negatively correlated with the Encouragement Scale for both groups. In addition, Ethnic Discrimination was negatively correlated with Openness to Experience for the PWI group. The usefulness of conceptualizing encouragement and ethnicity together for African American college students and practice implications are discussed. 相似文献
166.
Rosemary R. P. Lerner 《Human Studies》2007,30(2):115-130
In the context of the fairly recent Truth and Reconciliation Commissions (TRC), I examine phenomenologically the nature of
truth as the essential condition for overcoming social and political conflicts, and as an instrument for enforcing so-called
“transitional justice” periods and promoting reconciliation. I also briefly approach the limits of this truth’s possibility
of being recognized, if its evaluative and practical dimensions and its appeal to an “intelligence of emotions” do not prevail
over its merely theoretical claims. Though not expounding Schutz’s and Husserl’s contributions, and meditating on phenomena
they did not deal with, I carry out this reflection inspired by their work and methodological approach. The case study used
as an intuitive illustration is the recent Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission.
相似文献
Rosemary R. P. LernerEmail: |
167.
This study examined women’s recall of physician recommendations as well as patient satisfaction following participation in
a breast/ovarian cancer risk and prevention program. Participants were 41 high risk women who attended a cancer risk program
4–6 months earlier. Two-thirds of women who received recommendations for tamoxifen treatment and genetic testing did not recall
these recommendations upon follow-up. A number of women misunderstood recommendations and a quarter of the sample recalled
recommendations that were not made during the consultation. Although these high risk women were generally satisfied with their
counseling visit, those individuals who received particularly complex sets of recommendations reported feeling less understood
and were less satisfied with the counseling. Findings underline the importance of examining recommendation recall, in addition
to perceptions of cancer risk, when evaluating the clinical implications of cancer risk assessment. 相似文献
168.
Rosemary S. L. Mills Wendy S. Freeman Ian P. Clara Frank J. Elgar Bobbi R. Walling Leanne Mak 《Journal of child and family studies》2007,16(3):359-374
We examined the link between parent proneness to shame and two forms of psychological control, overprotection and critical/rejecting
behavior, in parents of preschoolers. Because shame is self-condemning, proneness to shame affects intrapersonal and interpersonal
functioning. We hypothesized that parents’ emotion-regulatory responses to shame would increase the likelihood of psychological
control: anxiety by leading to overprotection mediated by a worrisome approach to the child, and anger/hostility by leading
to critical/rejecting parenting mediated by negative reactivity to the child. Participants were 198 mother-father pairs with
a child 3.6 to 4.5 years of age. Overprotective and critical/rejecting parenting were assessed using both self and spouse
reports of parenting practices. In addition, parents completed measures of proneness to shame, worrisome overconcern about
the child, and negative reactivity to the child. Structural equation modeling yielded results that supported mediation by
negative approach to the child for mothers’ and fathers’ critical/rejecting behavior. For fathers but not mothers, shame was
indirectly associated with overprotective parenting through worrisome approach to the child. Parents’ proneness to shame may
be an important factor leading to the use of psychological control. 相似文献
169.
Perirhinal cortex resolves feature ambiguity in configural object recognition and perceptual oddity tasks 下载免费PDF全文
Bartko SJ Winters BD Cowell RA Saksida LM Bussey TJ 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2007,14(12):821-832
The perirhinal cortex (PRh) has a well-established role in object recognition memory. More recent studies suggest that PRh is also important for two-choice visual discrimination tasks. Specifically, it has been suggested that PRh contains conjunctive representations that help resolve feature ambiguity, which occurs when a task cannot easily be solved on the basis of features alone. However, no study has examined whether the ability of PRh to resolve configural feature ambiguity is related to its role in object recognition. Therefore, we examined whether bilateral excitotoxic lesions of PRh or PPRh (perirhinal plus post-rhinal cortices) in the rat would cause deficits in a configural spontaneous object recognition task, and a configural simultaneous oddity discrimination task, in which the task could not be solved on the basis of features, but could only be solved using conjunctive representations. As predicted by simulations using a computational model, rats with PPRh lesions were impaired during a minimal-delay configural object recognition task. These same rats were impaired during a zero-delay configural object recognition task. Furthermore, rats with localized PRh lesions were impaired in a configural simultaneous oddity discrimination task. These findings support the idea that PRh contains conjunctive representations for the resolution of feature ambiguity and that these representations underlie a dual role for PRh in memory and perception. 相似文献
170.