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11.
In the present study, the authors used the Roediger and McDermott paradigm (H. L. Roediger & K. B. McDermott, 1995) to examine the creation of false memories in individuals at risk for developing an eating disorder. Thirty-three controls and 34 individuals at risk for eating disorders studied 6 word lists taken from the paradigm. Three lists were food related (bread, fruit, sweet), and 3 were not food related (king, doctor, black). Both groups produced false memories (i.e., recalled or recollected words that were not presented in the lists), and controls actually produced more false memories than the at-risk individuals produced in the recall of the food-related items. Groups did not differ in their recall of items not related to food. 相似文献
12.
Abstract Although many studies have examined the nature of memory distortions in anxious individuals, few have considered biases in specific memory processes, such as encoding or retrieval. To investigate whether the presentation of threat material facilitates encoding biases, spider fearful (n=63), blood fearful (n=73), and nonfearful (n=75) participants encoded spider related, blood related, and neutral words as a function of three levels of processing (i.e., structural, semantic, and self referent). Participants subsequently completed either a free recall or a recognition task. All participants demonstrated a partial depth of processing effect, such that they recalled more words encoded in the self referent condition than in the other two conditions, but groups did not differ in their recall of stimuli as a function of word type. Relative to participants in the other groups, spider fearful participants had fewer spider related intrusions in the recall condition, and they made fewer errors in responding to structural and semantic encoding questions when spider related words were presented. These results contribute to an increasingly large body of literature suggesting that anxious individuals are not characterized by a memory bias toward threat, and they raise the possibility that individuals with spider fears process threat-relevant information differently than individuals with blood fears. 相似文献
13.
F. Richard Ferraro David A. Balota 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2013,20(4):260-272
A memory scanning (Sternberg, 1966, 1975) task was administered to healthy young adults, older adults, and two groups of individuals with dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT) to determine age- and disease-related changes in the retrieval of information from short-term memory. Healthy older adults, in comparison to healthy young adults, displayed increases in both slopes and intercepts in memory scanning. Individuals at various stages of DAT (very mild, mild, moderate) displayed increases in both slopes and intercepts compared to nondemented age-matched control individuals. There was also some evidence that DAT individuals are more likely to engage in a self-terminating search instead of an exhaustive search of short-term memory. 相似文献
14.
15.
Ferraro F. Richard Park Ronald V. Hage Hilary Palm Steve 《The Psychological record》2005,55(1):125-134
The Psychological Record - Two groups of undergraduates received simulated amnesia instructions that either informed them how amnesics perform on memory tasks (informed; n = 11) or did not inform... 相似文献
16.
The present study investigated differences in false memory production between men and women, using the Deese/Roedgier McDermott
(DRM) paradigm. Five word lists were used (MAN, GIRL, BREAD, BLACK, HIGH) and it was predicted that males would produce more
false memories for the MAN word list while females will produce more false memories for the GIRL word list. Results did not
confirm our predictions. Gender was neither a significant main effect, nor did it interact with any factors. Test and List
x Test were the only significant main or interaction effects, respectively. Results are discussed as they relate to gender
differences in cognitive processing. 相似文献
17.
The present study investigated four (anger, depression, anxiety, impulsivity) potential risk factors for the development of
eating disorders in 79 male college students. All participants completed the Setting Conditions for Anorexia Nervosa Scale
(SCANS), to determine if they were at-risk for the development of an eating disorder. The hypothesis, that males who are at-risk
for the development of an eating disorder would show a higher occurrence of the potential risk factors, was partially supported.
Those who scored high on the Dissatisfaction subscale of the SCANS had high positive correlations with all four risk factors.
The SCANS Perfectionism subscale showed no such relationships with any of the risk factoes. 相似文献
18.
Schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) is characterized by eccentric behavior and perceptual distortions that closely resemble
the patterns observed in those with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia and related personality disorders (i.e., SPD) are associated
with deficits in sustained attention, slower than normal reaction times, and manifestations of working memory deficits and
erratic cognitive tasks. The present study used the schizotypal personality scale (STA) to compare cognitive abilities of
self-reported low schizotypic tendency subjects with high schizotypic tendency subjects. The group scores on the STA differed
significantly. Those with high STA scores also tended to have higher state and trait anxiety scores based on the State-Trait
Anxiety Inventory (STAI). The groups did not significantly differ on any of the demographic variables tested, including age,
education, self-rated health status, and medication. Along with an executive function test, two computerized tasks tested
subjects on reaction time and memory. Even when covariates (i.e., state, trait anxiety scores) were analyzed, there were no
significant differences between the groups and tasks, although the gathered data showed trends in the expected direction. 相似文献
19.
Schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) is characterized by eccentric behavior and perceptual distortions that closely resemble
the patterns observed in those with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia and related personality disorders (i.e., SPD) are associated
with deficits in sustained attention, slower than normal reaction times, and manifestations of working memory deficits and
erratic cognitive tasks. The present study used the schizotypal personality scale (STA) to compare cognitive abilities of
self-reported low schizotypic tendency subjects with high schizotypic tendency subjects. The group scores on the STA differed
significantly. Those with high STA scores also tended to have higher state and trait anxiety scores based on the State-Trait
Anxiety Inventory (STAI). The groups did not significantly differ on any of the demographic variables tested, including age,
education, self-rated health status, and medication. Along with an executive function test, two computerized tasks tested
subjects on reaction time and memory. Even when covariates (i.e., state, trait anxiety scores) were analyzed, there were no
significant differences between the groups and tasks, although the gathered data showed trends in the expected direction. 相似文献
20.
University undergraduates were pre-screened for blood fearfulness (fear of blood, n = 25), spider fearfulness (fear of spiders, n = 30), or non-fearfulness (n = 23) and presented with blood, spider, neutral, positive, and pseudoword (pronouncable nonword, like flirp) stimuli in a
lexical decision task (LDT). Use of the LDT in phobic individuals may provide insight about how these individuals process,
store, and ultimately use information and, in turn, how processing this information affects their day-to-day activities. Words
were responded to faster than pseudowords. No group main or interaction effects emerged, and all groups responded faster and
more accurately to spider words then blood words and neutral words. Results suggest that the single-word lexical decision
task may not be sensitive in detecting lexical processing biases toward threat in these groups. Results also suggest that
paradigms that are based on high-level, semantic-conceptual information processing (like lexical decision) are not sensitive
enough to detect group differences in blood and spider phobias. Any array of perceptual and conceptual tasks taken together
may be needed to detect these differences. 相似文献