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41.
Roscoe A. Dykman 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1976,11(1):24-36
The concept of sensitization has a long history in psychology, and on both empirical and logical grounds it has been argued that sensitization and conditioning denote different neurophysiological processes. Investigators have devised elaborate control procedures that purport to differentiate sensitized and conditioned responses. But, mainly on logical grounds, it is argued that there is no valid basis for considering sensitization and conditioning as separate processes. A theory of learning is proposed in which sensitization is the basic construct. 相似文献
42.
Roscoe A. Dykman R. D. Ray F. J. McGuigan W. N. Schoenfeld A. M. Washton J. C. McMillan R. M. Kadden J. C. Lamb J. P. Isaacs J. E. O. Newton J. L. Chapin R. Rogozea V. Florea-Ciocoiu A. Kreindler Nelson Hendler Andrew Livingston O. J. Andy L. Guirintano S. Guirintano T. McDonald P. Simpson David C. Randall Joseph V. Brady Kris H. Martin A. M. Prestrude William P. Paré D. A. Brown J. F. Greenspan T. A. Ban H. E. Lehmann Mikhail M. Khananashvili 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1976,11(2):121-128
43.
Performance feedback has facilitated the acquisition and maintenance of a wide range of behaviors (e.g., health-care routines, seat-belt use). Most researchers have attributed the effectiveness of performance feedback to (a) its discriminative functions, (b) its reinforcing functions, or (c) the combination of the two. In this study, we attempted to evaluate the relative contributions of the discriminative and reinforcing functions of performance feedback by comparing a condition in which the discriminative functions were maximized and the reinforcing functions were minimized (i.e., performance-specific instructions without contingent money) with one in which the reinforcing functions were maximized and the discriminative functions were minimized (i.e., contingent money with no performance-specific instructions). We compared the effects of these two conditions on the acquisition of skills involved in conducting two commonly used preference assessments. Results showed that acquisition of these skills occurred primarily in the condition with performance-specific instruction without contingent money, suggesting that the delivery of performance-specific instructions was critical to skill acquisition, whereas the delivery of contingent money had little effect. 相似文献
44.
Eileen M. Roscoe Brian A. Iwata Han-Leong Goh 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1998,31(4):635-646
We compared the effects of two treatments, noncontingent reinforcement (NCR) and sensory extinction (EXT), on the self-injurious behavior (SIB) exhibited by 3 individuals with developmental disabilities. Results of a functional analysis indicated that their SIB was not maintained by social reinforcement, as indicated by undifferentiated responding across assessment conditions or higher rates of responding in the alone condition. Prior to treatment, leisure probes were conducted to identify highly preferred items for use in the NCR condition, and equipment probes were conducted to identify devices that produced the greatest behavioral suppression for use in the EXT condition. Following baseline, treatment was implemented in a multiple baseline across subjects design, and the effects of NCR and EXT were compared in a multielement format. During NCR sessions, participants had continuous access to a highly preferred item. During EXT sessions, participants wore equipment (gloves or protective sleeves) that seemed to attenuate stimulation directly produced by their SIB, while still allowing the behavior to occur. Results indicated that both procedures were effective in reducing SIB, although NCR was associated with either more rapid or greater overall response suppression. 相似文献
45.
Lori A. Roscoe 《Journal of Aging and Identity》1998,3(1):35-48
Physician-assisted suicide is a complex and controversial issue that touches on standards of medical practice, the balance between individual rights and the rights of the state, and our fears of death and pain. Supporters of assisted suicide propose it as an alternative to a lingering, highly technological death, and define it as the act of a physician who prescribes a lethal dose of a medication for a terminally ill patient, with the knowledge that the patient intends to commit suicide. The recent U.S. Supreme Court ruling upheld prohibitions against assisting in a suicide, but left open the possibility that in certain specific cases assisted suicide might be constitutionally protected. The Supreme Court's refusal to extend constitutional protection to assisted suicide was done in part to insure that public debate and legislative fact-finding would continue. As stated in Justice Rehnquist's majority opinion, ...Americans are engaged in an earnest and profound debate about the morality, legality and practicality of physician-assisted suicide (Washington v. Glucksberg, 96-110—Opinion, 1997, p. 26). As researchers, policy makers, and health care providers, we have an obligation to insure that political debate and empirical research are continuing and productive, and that this issue becomes more than just an occasion to play out ideological or personal differences. 相似文献
46.
James A. Boydstun Peggy T. Ackerman Douglas A. Stevens Sam D. Clements John E. Peters Roscoe A. Dykman 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1968,3(2):81-104
Twenty-six children diagnosed as having minimal brain dysfunctions (MBD) were compared with 26 controls in a conditinoing and generalization procedure. Skin resistance, heart rate, and muscle action potentials were monitored throughout. Success involved learning which of two tones signalled the accessibility of a penny. Whereas 92 per cent of controls reached the criterion of five successive correct responses, only 62 per cent of MBD’s did. Further, a third of the MBD’s were so maladaptive as to force procedural variations, while only a few minor irregularities occurred with the controls. Quality of performance was related to age, intelligence, and ability to discriminate and remember tones. Controls were more physiologically reactive than MBD’s, especially in skin resistance. Physiologic differentiation of the two tones was significant in both groups of children and appeared concurrently with motor differentiation. The only evidence of physiologic generalization was in the SR data of controls. The possibility that defective arousal structures, or defective coupling of arousal structures and other perceptual and motor structures, could account for the decreased physiologic reactivity, short attention spans, and poor concentration ofsome MBD’s is discussed. This research, in conformity with other laboratory studies of the brain, indicates that motivational as well as cognitive defects may be organically based. 相似文献
47.
The extent of loneliness among late adolescents was assessed by means of the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale. Findings suggest that although moderate loneliness was reported by most participants, a number of young people evidenced a high degree of loneliness. A comparison of lonely and nonlonely adolescents yielded relatively few significant differences. Of particular interest, however, was the finding that lonely and nonlonely adolescents use different strategies to deal with feelings of loneliness. Implications for working with lonely adolescents are offered. 相似文献
48.
Body Mass Index Is an Important Predictor for Suicide: Results from a Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis 下载免费PDF全文
Stefan Perera BSc Rebecca B. Eisen BHSc Brittany B. Dennis PhD Monica Bawor PhD Meha Bhatt BSc Neera Bhatnagar MLIS Lehana Thabane PhD Russell de Souza ScD RD Zainab Samaan MBChB MRCPsych PhD 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》2016,46(6):697-736
Public health concerns for the independent management of obesity and suicidal behavior are rising. Emerging evidence suggests body weight plays an important role in quantifying the risk of suicide. In light of these findings, we aimed to clarify the association between body mass index (BMI) and suicidal behavior by systematically reviewing and evaluating the literature. Studies were identified by searching MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and CINAHL from inception to January 2015, supplemented by hand and grey literature searches. Study screening, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment were conducted in duplicate. We included 38 observational studies. Meta‐analyses supported an inverse association between BMI and completed suicide. Pooled summary estimates demonstrated that underweight was significantly associated with an increased risk of completed suicide (HR = 1.21, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.36, p = .002), and obesity (HR = 0.71, 95% CI 0.56 to 0.89, p = .003) and overweight (HR = 0.78, 95% CI 0.75 to 0.82, p < .0001) were significantly associated with a decreased risk of completed suicide relative to normal weight. A qualitative summary of the literature demonstrated conflicting evidence regarding the association between BMI and attempted suicide and revealed no association between BMI and suicidal ideation. BMI may be used to aid the assessment of suicide risk, especially that of completed suicide. However, unmeasured confounders and systematic biases of individual studies limit the quality of evidence. 相似文献
49.
50.
W. Brian McPherson Joseph E. O. Newton Peggy Ackerman D. Michael Oglesby Roscoe A. Dykman 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1997,32(1):31-42
We tested 186 children ranging in age from 6 years, 10 months to 13 years, 7 months; 174 suffered either physical and/or sexual
abuse, and 12 were nonabused children. Abused subjects were grouped in four different ways. The primary grouping was based
on whether subjects satisfied the DSM III-R criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Secondary groupings were based
upon the three symptom clusters used to make the PTSD diagnosis (arousal, avaidance, and reexperiencing). In each of these
groupings three separate subgroups were formed with approximately 25 percent in the high and low symptom count subgroups and
the remaining 50 percent in the middle symptom count subgroup.
Subjects listened to four different intensity levels (65, 80, 95, and 102 dB) of a 1 KHz tone, pseudo-randomly ordered, while
event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded. Two separate blocks were used, one with short intervals (4±1 sec) between
tones and the other with longer intervals (17±2 sec). PTSD subjects presented a greater P2-N2 ERP intensity gradient (i.e.,
a larger increase in the P2-N2 ERP component as tone intensity increased) than did abused subjects without PTSD. Abused subjects
with the highest number of reexperiencing symptoms showed a similar P2-N2 augmenting effect when compared to those with the
lowest number of reexperiencing symptoms. Subjects with the highest number of arousal symptoms showed a shallower intensity
gradient for the N1-P2 ERP component than did those with fewer arousal symptoms. The results are discussed in relation to
previous results reported on adults with PTSD and in terms of CNS processing of stimulus intensity information. 相似文献