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461.
Mian ND Wainwright L Briggs-Gowan MJ Carter AS 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2011,39(4):501-512
Childhood anxiety is impairing and associated with later emotional disorders. Studying risk factors for child anxiety may
allow earlier identification of at-risk children for prevention efforts. This study applied an ecological risk model to address
how early childhood anxiety symptoms, child temperament, maternal anxiety and depression symptoms, violence exposure, and
sociodemographic risk factors predict school-aged anxiety symptoms. This longitudinal, prospective study was conducted in
a representative birth cohort (n = 1109). Structural equation modeling was used to examine hypothesized associations between risk factors measured in toddlerhood/preschool
(age = 3.0 years) and anxiety symptoms measured in kindergarten (age = 6.0 years) and second grade (age = 8.0 years). Early
child risk factors (anxiety symptoms and temperament) emerged as the most robust predictor for both parent-and child-reported
anxiety outcomes and mediated the effects of maternal and family risk factors. Implications for early intervention and prevention
studies are discussed. 相似文献
462.
463.
Niendam TA Laird AR Ray KL Dean YM Glahn DC Carter CS 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2012,12(2):241-268
Classic cognitive theory conceptualizes executive functions as involving multiple specific domains, including initiation,
inhibition, working memory, flexibility, planning, and vigilance. Lesion and neuroimaging experiments over the past two decades
have suggested that both common and unique processes contribute to executive functions during higher cognition. It has been
suggested that a superordinate fronto–cingulo–parietal network supporting cognitive control may also underlie a range of distinct
executive functions. To test this hypothesis in the largest sample to date, we used quantitative meta-analytic methods to
analyze 193 functional neuroimaging studies of 2,832 healthy individuals, ages 18–60, in which performance on executive function
measures was contrasted with an active control condition. A common pattern of activation was observed in the prefrontal, dorsal
anterior cingulate, and parietal cortices across executive function domains, supporting the idea that executive functions
are supported by a superordinate cognitive control network. However, domain-specific analyses showed some variation in the
recruitment of anterior prefrontal cortex, anterior and midcingulate regions, and unique subcortical regions such as the basal
ganglia and cerebellum. These results are consistent with the existence of a superordinate cognitive control network in the
brain, involving dorsolateral prefrontal, anterior cingulate, and parietal cortices, that supports a broad range of executive
functions. 相似文献
464.
Nathan T. Carter Lindsey M. Kotrba Dalia L. Diab Bing C. Lin Shuang Y. Pui Christopher J. Lake Michael A. Gillespie Michael J. Zickar Alen Chao 《Journal of business and psychology》2012,27(4):451-466
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to compare the results of a subjective and a statistical method of detecting non-comparable items in 14 language-translated forms of a survey measuring organizational culture.Design/Methodology/Approach
Data were obtained from a large multinational organization using a 60-item organizational culture survey. Each of 14 language-translated forms were administered to members of their respective language groups and compared to the original English (United States) form. Subjective reviews were conducted using fluent bilingual organizational members whom flagged items they did not believe were comparable. Statistical analyses using an item response theory (IRT) approach were used to detect problematic items from 14 samples with sizes ranging from 304 to 3,014. Detection patterns from these two approaches were compared.Findings
The subjective approach identified far less items as problematic and did not agree with the statistical approach.Implications
Our results suggest that the subjective approach as a pre-screening adaptation procedure has little added value over a careful translation/back-translation procedure.Originality/Value
The use of language-adapted organizational surveys has become increasingly important to multinational organizations. In examining scores from such surveys the establishment of score comparability is essential. IRT analyses are often used to determine whether scores are comparable across language translations. It is also common for subjective reviews of item content to be utilized prior to statistical techniques to determine if the translated items are comparable to the original form. No research known to authors has compared modern statistical and subjective approaches to addressing these issues. 相似文献465.
People often face outcomes of important events that are beyond their personal control, such as when they wait for an acceptance letter, job offer, or medical test results. We suggest that when wanting and uncertainty are high and personal control is lacking, people may be more likely to help others, as if they can encourage fate's favor by doing good deeds proactively. Four experiments support this karmic-investment hypothesis. When people want an outcome over which they have little control, their donations of time and money increase (Experiments 1 and 2), but their participation in other rewarding activities does not (Experiment 1b). In addition, at a job fair, job seekers who feel the process is outside (vs. within) their control make more generous pledges to charities (Experiment 3). Finally, karmic investments increase optimism about a desired outcome (Experiment 4). We conclude by discussing the role of personal control and magical beliefs in this phenomenon. 相似文献
466.
Technological Advances and the Future of Suicide Prevention: Ethical,Legal, and Empirical Challenges
Alan L. Berman PhD Gregory Carter MBBS FRANZCP Cert Child Psych PhD 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》2020,50(3):643-651
Technological advancements have brought multiple and diverse benefits to our human existence. In suicide prevention, new technologies have spurred great interest in and reports of the applicability to assessing, monitoring, and intervening in various community and clinical populations. We argue in this article that we need to better understand the complexities of implementation of technological advances; especially the accuracy, effectiveness, safety, ethical, and legal issues, even as implementation occurs at individual, clinical, and population levels, in order to achieve that measure of public health impact we all desire (i.e., greater benefit than harm). 相似文献
467.
468.
Rachel Woodford Matthew J. Spittal Allison Milner Katie McGill Navneet Kapur Jane Pirkis Alex Mitchell Gregory Carter 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》2019,49(1):23-40
Assessment of a patient after hospital‐treated self‐harm or psychiatric hospitalization often includes a risk assessment, resulting in a classification of high risk versus low risk for a future episode of self‐harm. Through systematic review and a series of meta‐analyses looking at unassisted clinician risk classification (eight studies; N = 22,499), we found pooled estimates for sensitivity 0.31 (95% CI: 0.18–0.50), specificity 0.85 (0.75–0.92), positive predictive value 0.22 (0.21–0.23), and negative predictive value 0.89 (0.86–0.92). Clinician classification was too inaccurate to be clinically useful. After‐care should therefore be allocated on the basis of a needs rather than risk assessment. 相似文献
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470.