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391.
392.
Conflict and Cognitive Control in the Brain 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
ABSTRACT— Recent research from cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience has suggested that the control mechanisms by which people are able to regulate task performance can be dissociated into evaluative and executive components. One process, implemented in the anterior cingulate cortex of the brain, monitors the amount of conflict that occurs during information processing; another process, implemented in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, is involved with maintaining the requirements of the task at hand and with biasing information processing in favor of appropriate responses. In the current article, we review this theory and some of the research that has supported it, including its implication for understanding cognitive disturbances in clinical disorders such as schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder. We conclude by addressing several interesting possibilities for future research. 相似文献
393.
Alan Carter 《Philosophical Studies》2006,131(2):269-302
Recently in this journal, Michael Huemer has attempted to refute egalitarianism. His strategy consists in: first, distinguishing
between three possible worlds (one with an equal distribution of well-being, one with an unequal distribution at every moment
but with an equal distribution overall, and one with an unequal distribution at every moment as well as overall); second,
showing that the first world is equal in value to the second world; third, dividing the second and third worlds into two temporal
segments each, then showing that none of the temporal segments possesses greater moral value than any other, thereby demonstrating
that the second and third worlds as a whole are equal in value; and finally, concluding that none of the three worlds has
more value than any other. The present article rebuts Huemer’s critique of egalitarianism first, and most importantly, by
showing that his core argument rests upon an equivocation, and second, by refuting his supplementary arguments. 相似文献
394.
This paper questions the ethicality of commercial relationships between universities and external donors. By examining cases
such as technology transfer and the outside funding of research interests, we identify possible conflicts of interest between
the external provider of financial support and academic institutions. The reality today is that university administrators,
who have significant decision-making powers, proactively seek large corporate sources of funding that may compromise academic
values including academic freedom and the ability to make institutional decisions without the influence of commercial interests.
For example, Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola have provided extensive funding to universities in return for exclusivity rights to
market their product on campuses even though such products may not be healthy alternatives to other soft drinks. Pharmaceutical
and biotechnology companies may have opposing interests to faculty and universities if the results of research do not meet
the expectations of the sponsors. Curricula issues may be slanted to promote the interests of a corporation or other provider
of outside funding. Corporate partnerships between universities and companies such as Nike raise ethical questions when students
or other members of the campus community object to the acceptance of financial support from a company that allegedly practices
anti-social labor practices in developing countries. On the other hand, corporate funding can be used to supplement diminishing
financial resources available to academic institutions, especially for public universities. One benefit of external funding
is that it supports pharmaceutical and technology-oriented research and development into new products and processes that have
the potential to serve the public good. One cost of such funding arrangements is that the acceptance of financial support
from commercial interests solely to market their products on campus restricts the choices available to students that should
exist in a free market economy such as in the U.S. The ethicality of the relationship between universities and commercial
interests is a matter of concern because of the potential influence of providers of external funds to universities that can
compromise academic freedom and objective decision making. 相似文献
395.
396.
Ned Carter 《Journal of business and psychology》1995,10(1):57-64
A combination of commonly used promotional activities, i.e., advertising, price reductions and increased exposure, was associated with increased thefts of six candy products. Thefts increased for each of the six products during the period the combination of promotional activities was used. Large increases in sales were observed for only two of the products. Sales of the other four products increased marginally or decreased in conjunction with promotional activities. When compared to normal sales conditions, the period of promotional activities produced less net profit per week for five of the six products. The results are of interest to retailers since they indicate that promotional activities for some products may produce a negative side effect, namely, increased theft. Further, promotional activities may not always produce increased sales. 相似文献
397.
Analogical reasoning, or the ability to find correspondences between entities based on shared relationships, supports knowledge acquisition. As such, the development of this ability during childhood is thought to promote learning. Here, we sought to better understand the mechanisms by which analogical reasoning about semantic relations improves over childhood and adolescence (e.g. chalk is to chalkboard as pen is to…?). We hypothesized that age‐related differences would manifest as differences in the brain regions associated with one or more of the following cognitive functions: (1) controlled semantic retrieval, or the ability to retrieve task‐relevant semantic associations; (2) response control, or the ability to override the tendency to respond to a salient distractor; and/or (3) relational integration, or the ability to consider jointly two mental relations. In order to test these hypotheses, we analyzed patterns of fMRI activation during performance of a pictorial propositional analogy task across 95 typically developing children between the ages of 6 and 18 years old. Despite large age‐related differences in task performance, particularly over ages 6–10 but through to around age 14, participants across the whole age range recruited a common network of frontal, parietal and temporal regions. However, activation in a brain region that has been implicated in controlled semantic retrieval – left anterior prefrontal cortex (BA 47/45) – was positively correlated with age, and also with performance after controlling for age. This finding indicates that improved performance over middle childhood and early adolescence on this analogical reasoning task is driven largely by improvements in the ability to selectively retrieve task‐relevant semantic relationships. 相似文献
398.
Kaileigh A. Byrne Thomas P. Tibbett Lauren N. Laserna Adrienne R. Carter‐Sowell Darrell A. Worthy 《决策行为杂志》2016,29(4):409-418
Decision making is rarely context‐free, and often, both social information and non‐social information are weighed into one's decisions. Incorporating information into a decision can be influenced by previous experiences. Ostracism has extensive effects, including taxing cognitive resources and increasing social monitoring. In decision making situations, individuals are often faced with both objective and social information and must choose which information to include or filter out. How will ostracism affect the reliance on objective and social information during decision making? Participants (N = 245) in Experiment 1 were randomly assigned to be included or ostracized in a standardized, group task. They then performed a dynamic decision making task that involved the presentation of either non‐social (i.e. biased reward feedback) or social (i.e., poor advice from a previous participant) misleading information. In Experiment 2, participants (N = 105) completed either the ostracism non‐social condition or social misleading information condition with explicit instructions stating that the advice given was from an individual who did not partake in the group task. Ostracized individuals relied more on non‐social misleading information and performed worse than included individuals. However, ostracized individuals discounted misleading social information and outperformed included individuals. Results of Experiment 2 replicated the findings of Experiment 1. Across two experiments, ostracized individuals were more critical of advice from others, both individuals who may have ostracized them and unrelated individuals. In other words, compared with included individuals, ostracized individuals underweighted advice from another individual but overweighed non‐social information during decision making. We conclude that when deceptive objective information is present, ostracism results in disadvantageous decision making. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
399.
400.
Adolescent mothers frequently experience problems in mother-infant interaction. However, intervention can be very difficult, particularly when complicated by unresolved conflicts involving relationships in the young woman's past. This article describes a therapeutic intervention, based on the work of Fraiberg, which allows the young mother to learn to interpret her infant's cues while also encouraging her to express her own emotions in the context of the mother-infant relationship. Two case studies are discussed to illustrate the use of the technique as part of a program of mother-infant intervention. 相似文献