社会支持与心血管反应的实验室研究概述

从20世纪70年代起国内外学者开始兴起了对社会支持的研究,而对社会支持与心血管健康的关系研究一直都是社会支持研究领域中的重要课题.本文回顾了社会支持在心血管反应的实验室研究中操作性的定义;实验室研究中社会支持与心血管健康的关系、社会支持对心血管反应作用的影响因素、社会支持的作用机制、社会支持的测量方法及社会支持与心血管反应实验室研究的局限性.     

Do the size of consideration set and the source of the better competing option influence post-choice regret?

Regret may arise not only from the comparison of outcome, but also through various factors involved the decision-making process. However, the role of the size of consideration set, an important factor in the decision-making process, has received little attention in previous regret research. This research aims to examine how the size of a consideration set, from which a choice is made, influences post-choice regret. Results from two experimental studies show that: (1) in cases where the better performing forgone alternative comes from within the consideration set, the feeling of regret heightens when subjects have a larger self-generated consideration set; and (2) where the more competitive forgone alternative is derived from outside the consideration set, the impact of the size of the consideration set is mitigated. The research strengthens the theoretical foundation of the impact of decision process on regret and also enriches the literature on reference dependence.     

Your love makes me feel more secure: Boosting attachment security decreases materialistic values

Enhanced interpersonal security has been shown to diminish the desire for money and possessions. In the present study, we focus on attachment security to examine the relationship between attachment security and materialism. By employing the experience in close relationships – short scale and material values scale, we observed a positive relationship between attachment insecurity and materialism in Study 1. In Study 2, we primed participants' feeling of attachment security to further explore the impact of attachment security on materialistic values. The results showed that participants in the security-priming group exhibited lower levels of state materialism (Study 2a) and a longer time to respond to materialism-related words (Studies 2b and 2c) than participants in the neutral condition. However, attachment styles did not moderate the attachment security-materialism relationship. Our findings reveal that regardless of attachment style, boosting attachment security can effectively decrease materialism.     

整合性学习观的动物行为模型探索

我国当下的学习观以渐进性学习为主。研究尝试提出“整合性学习”的学习观, 以40只SD大鼠为被试,采用2(学习方式：整合/渐进)×2(性别：雄/雌)组间设计,运用14单元组合T迷宫进行五阶段的动物行为建模。结果显示,1)学习错误次数上,整合少于渐进、雄性少于雌性;2)整合较渐进学习效果的迁移性更好;3)各组皆出现对第一段原正确路径的固着。由此得出：整合性学习更长效,习得的知识具有整体性、组块化、范畴化的可迁移的特征。     

“动手不动口”：手部动作与语言进化的关系

语言进化是进化心理学研究领域的重要问题。镜像系统假说、工具制造假说与传授假说从不同角度对手部动作与语言进化间的关系进行了解释, 三种假说都认为人类语言起源于手部动作经验。相关实证研究发现：手语与口语具有一致性特征、语言与手部动作具有共同的神经基础、手势发展可以预测语言发展水平以及手势可以提高工具制造知识的传播效率, 这些研究为三种假说的具体观点提供了实证支持。未来该领域的研究需要关注手势语与口语在进化中的发展关系, 以及人类语言进化与其他认知特征的进化关系。     

对法藏《华严一乘教义分齐章》中"同教"部分之概念"乘"的解析

“乘”这一词,本义是运输工具,指车乘,在佛教经典中,用它来比喻能够运送众生到解脱果地的佛陀教法。以“乘”判教的源头在印度,佛典传译到中国之后,这个词又衍化出更为复杂的涵义。《华严一乘教义分齐章》,是法藏的判教论著,也是法藏的佛学概论,其在讲说“同教”时,把佛陀一代说法,进行了分乘。我们把这些关于“乘”的名相,进行分析。     

“右好左坏”和“左好右坏”——利手与左右空间情感效价的关联性

人们会将“右”和“左”与积极或消极的事物相关联,这称为左右空间的情感效价.以具身认知理论和躯体特异性假设为基础的研究发现,右利手会将右侧空间与积极事物相关联,而左利手则会将左侧空间与积极事物相关连;左右空间情感效价是由利手与非利手的运动经验塑造的;利手与非利手运动经验的改变则会反转左右空间情感效价;趋近动机脑功能偏侧化与利手是一致的.未来的研究应进一步澄清利手运动与趋近动机在神经机制上的关联性,并探索文化因素与身体经验如何共同塑造左右空间情感效价.     

声调范畴感知和声调复杂度对音乐音高感知的跨领域影响

采用音高识别与区分任务, 以汉语母语者、越南语母语者和俄语母语者为研究对象, 考察了两个语言加工层面的因素, 即声调范畴感知模式以及不同语言声调系统的复杂度差异对跨领域音乐音高感知的影响。结果发现: (1)汉语和越南语两组声调语言母语者听辨结果符合范畴感知模式, 而俄语母语者是连续感知。在语言和音乐两种刺激条件下, 声调语言母语者在范畴边界宽度、范畴内区分率、范畴间区分率以及区分峰度等指标上不存在显著差异。(2)汉语和越南语两组声调语言母语者的音乐音高区分任务结果差异不显著。实验结果表明: 在行为层面, 母语声调范畴感知模式可以迁移到音乐音高感知中, 但复杂声调系统并不能促进跨领域的音乐音高精细感知。实验结果从语言对音乐音高加工影响的角度支持了“共享论”。     

Incongruence Between Native and Test Administration Languages: Towards Equal Opportunity in International Literacy Assessment

Previous research has primarily addressed the effects of language on the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) mathematics and science assessments. More recent research has focused on the effects of language on PISA reading comprehension and literacy assessments on student populations in specific Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and non-OECD countries. Recognizing calls to highlight the impact of language on student PISA reading performance across countries, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of home languages versus test languages on PISA reading literacy across OECD and non-OECD economies, while considering other factors. The results of Ordinary Least Squares regression showed that about half of the economies demonstrated a positive and significant effect of students' language status on their reading performance. This finding is consistent with observations in the parallel analysis of PISA 2009 data, suggesting that students' performance on reading literacy assessment was higher when they were tested in their home language. Our findings highlight the importance of the role of context, the need for new approaches to test translation, and the potential similarities in language status for youth from OECD and non-OECD countries that have implications for interpreting their PISA reading literacy assessments.     

Dynamic properties of edge dislocations decorated by interstitial loops in α-iron and copper

Clusters of self-interstitial atoms (SIAs) in the form of parallel crowdions are created directly in high-energy displacement cascades produced in metals by neutron irradiation. They are equivalent to small perfect dislocation loops and, in isolation in pure metals, undergo fast thermally-activated glide in the direction of their Burgers vector. Their strain field and ability to glide allows long-range interaction with other extended defects. Indeed, dislocations decorated by dislocation loops are commonly observed after neutron irradiation. Dislocations gliding under applied stress also encounter these mobile defects. These effects influence mechanical properties and require further investigation. This paper presents results from an atomic-scale study of copper and α-iron at either 0?K or 300?K. Loop drag and breakaway effects are investigated for an edge dislocation under applied stress interacting with a row of SIA loops below its glide plane. The maximum speed at which a loop is dragged is lower in copper than iron, and the applied stress at which this occurs is also lower. These differences in the dynamics of cluster-dislocation interaction are determined by the atomic structure of the defects and cannot be investigated by continuum treatment.