学前期儿童执行功能和语言的双向关系:社会经济地位的调节

采用追踪研究考察258名学前儿童执行功能与语言的双向关系,及二者关系是否受社会经济地位调节。交叉滞后结果表明,学前儿童语言发展与执行功能三个子成分（抑制控制、认知灵活性、工作记忆）存在双向关系;T1时儿童语言对T2时认知灵活性的预测作用受家庭社会经济地位调节：在高社会经济地位家庭中,T1时间儿童的语言能显著正向预测T2时认知灵活性,低社会经济地位家庭中预测作用不显著;其余双向关系中调节作用均不显著。本研究表明,学前儿童执行功能三个子成分与语言均存在双向关系,且社会经济地位在部分关系中起到调节作用。     

流动儿童主观社会经济地位与问题行为的关系:公正世界信念与社会自尊的作用

采用问卷法对北京市897名流动儿童的主观社会经济地位、社会自尊、公正世界信念和问题行为进行问卷调查,探讨主观社会经济地位与问题行为的关系,并进一步考察公正世界信念的中介作用和社会自尊的调节作用。结果发现:(1)主观社会经济地位与社会自尊、公正世界信念呈显著正相关,主观社会经济地位、社会自尊、公正世界信念与问题行为呈显著负相关。(2)公正世界信念在主观社会经济地位与问题行为的关系中起中介作用。(3)社会自尊调节主观社会经济地位通过公正世界信念影响问题行为的中介路径。社会自尊水平较高时,公正世界信念的中介作用显著; 社会自尊水平较低时,公正世界信念的中介效应不显著。     

The Influence of Parental Migration on Left-behind Children’s Mental Health in China: the Mediating Roles of Daily Stress and Sense-Making

Applied Research in Quality of Life - Despite growing attention to health impacts of parental migration on children left behind, little is known about the mechanism through which parental migration...     

When Do Employees Speak up for Their Customers? A Model of Voice in a Customer Service Context

We develop a conceptual model of customer‐focused voice and test it in a hospital setting. Drawing from theory and research on voice, we find that customer orientation and job autonomy are positively associated with customer‐focused voice. In addition, consistent with social information processing theory, these relationships are moderated by service climate, such that a high service climate compensates for the less desirable aspects of employees or their jobs. Finally, we provide evidence for a critical but untested assumption of the voice literature by linking hospital‐level customer‐focused voice to hospital‐level service performance. Results based on data from four unique data sources, provided at varying points in time, and at different levels of analysis demonstrate support for our conceptual model.     

Near‐ and Far‐Transfer Effects of Working Memory Updating Training in Elderly Adults

Age‐related declines in working memory, especially with regard to updating ability, affect many high‐level aspects of cognition in elderly adults. Recent studies have demonstrated that training might improve working memory. We investigated the effects of 20 days of adaptive training of working memory updating in healthy elderly adults. Comparing the performance on cognitive function tests before and after training in a trained group and a non‐trained group, significant positive training effects were observed in a numerical updating task and a digit‐span test, but not in a non‐verbal reasoning test. The results suggest beneficial effects of working memory updating training to working memory tasks that use different content material and task formats than those used during training. However, confirming the results of previous studies, transfer effects to other higher order cognitive processes seem to be absent in elderly adults. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

大学生的恋爱宽恕:问卷编制与特点研究

为编制大学生恋爱宽恕问卷并对大学生恋爱宽恕的特点进行研究,采用自编初始问卷对上海某高校的213名在校大学生进行预测,利用完善后的正式问卷对上海和南京两地的556名在校大学生展开正式施测,通过项目分析、探索性因素分析、相关分析、信效度分析等方法对数据进行处理,并利用编制的问卷对大学生的恋爱宽恕特点进行研究。结果显示:(1)编制的《大学生恋爱宽恕问卷》包含报复、回避、宽恕和消极沉思四个维度,可以解释方差总变异的69.08%;(2)内部一致性系数、分半信度、重测信度、结构效度和外部效度均显示编制的问卷具有良好的信效度指标;(3)编制的问卷能够较好地契合宽恕的定义;(4)大学生恋爱宽恕存在性别差异,其中女大学生的宽恕倾向高于男生;(5)面对恋爱中的伤害,中国大学生更多地采用消极深思的应对方式,而较少采用报复的方式。可见,大学生恋爱宽恕问卷信效度均达到了测量学的要求,中国大学生的恋爱宽恕与西方有所不同。     

高中到大学阶段学生的压力应对变化：一项追踪研究

本研究通过对178名高三学生为期一年的追踪访谈和调查,探讨了当前青少年从高中到大学生阶段所面临的压力源及应对方式的转变。结果显示：压力源存在五种类型,分别是学业压力、未来发展压力、家庭-经济压力、自我评价压力和人际关系压力。学业压力及未来发展压力不管是对高中生还是对大学生都是主要的压力来源。应对方式存在显著的性别差异。与高中阶段相比,大学阶段个体面临的人际关系压力、自我评价压力与家庭-经济压力更高,他们也更倾向于采取相对消极的应对方式。不同阶段压力与应对的关系存在差异。     

不确定感管理模型视角下的死亡凸显效应:争论与整合

死亡凸显效应(mortality salience effect)是恐惧管理理论(terror management theory,TMT)中一个最重要的假设,它认为与死亡有关的想法会加强个体的世界观防御。不确定感管理模型(uncertainty management model)对死亡凸显效应做出了新的解释,指出以往的研究忽视了个体的不确定感对防御行为的影响。将这种理论和TMT进行了整合与探讨,可以认为死亡凸显对个体具有双重影响,个体在思考自己的死亡后会启动双重防御体系。未来的研究,应该关注各种防御方式互相影响的关系等。     

有效学习的三个易控变量:间隔、顺序与提取练习

近年来认知科学领域关于学习问题的研究颇为关注重新探索如何在教育实践中帮助学生找到可操控性强的有效学习策略,真正实现有效学习。三项经典研究的进展体现了这一研究趋势:一是学习时间间隔的动态分配,相比较于传统的学习时段分配,适当扩大各学习时段的时间间隔可使学习结果的保持更为长期有效(学习间隔时间控制在测试间隔时间的5%-10%左右是最佳的);二是不同学习事件的交错式安排,相对于批量式安排,学习事件的交错式安排可极大提升学习效果。三是提取练习对知识识记的作用,研究发现提取练习相比较于其它学习事件(编码)可更为有效地促进学习。尤为值得注意的是,三方面有关研究均发现,学习者所觉知的许多学习策略很可能是次优的甚至是低效的,对其加以纠正将有助于实现有效学习。     

Make New Friends but Keep the Old: The Sisterhood Bonds that Have Shaped Me

The relationships in an Asian American psychologist's life have helped to shape her as a person as well as a professional. Specifically, a review of significant female relationships indicates that they have contributed to the author's therapeutic style. In this article, the author explores some of the relationships with other women in her life and illustrates how they have informed her role as a therapist. She concludes with a case vignette illustrating how some of these concepts were applied to a long-term therapy client.