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861.
Models of group process propose that stressful social environments develop when there is a lack of consensus among group members about issues of relevance to the group. Based on these models, we expected that levels of consensus would be positively related to the average levels of psychological well-being in naturally occurring work groups. An examination of data from 3,546 respondents within 73 work groups revealed that levels of consensus about leadership and peer relations were positively related to the average psychological well-being of the group members, even after controlling for absolute level effects and covariates. In contrast, levels of consensus were not related to the average psychological well-being of group members when identical analyses were conducted using pseudogroups. 相似文献
862.
Sunaina Assanand John P. J. Pinel Darrin R. Lehman 《Journal of applied social psychology》1998,28(11):998-1015
Recent research on hunger and eating has shown that (a) among individuals with adlibitum access to food, hunger and eating are not regulated by deviations in the body's energy resources from set-points, and (b) it is healthier for people to consume their daily caloric intake as several small snacks than as 3 large meals. People's beliefs about hunger and eating were assessed in 2 questionnaire studies. In Study 1, a large sample of undergraduates was surveyed; in Study 2, dietetics students, nursing students, medical students, dietitians, nurses, and doctors were surveyed. Both studies revealed that people's personal theories of hunger and eating were inconsistent with research findings in ways that could promote overconsumption. These results suggest that educational programs designed to modify the beliefs about hunger and eating of people suffering from problems of overconsumption and of health professionals who treat problems of overconsumption may increase the effectiveness of current treatment regimens. 相似文献
863.
Esther R. Greenglass Ronald J. Burke Roman Konarski 《Journal of applied social psychology》1998,28(12):1088-1106
The present study examined gender-related differences in the ways social support and coping contribute to burnout, as measured by the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). Specific hypotheses were made regarding relationships between antecedent conditions and MBI subscales, including emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and lack of personal accomplishment. Respondents were teachers, and data from 2 waves (1 year apart) were examined. Using LISREL structural equation analyses, results were that in women, co-worker support led to lower emotional exhaustion, and in men, supervisor and co-worker support led to higher personal accomplishment. Higher levels of internal control were associated with greater accomplishment in men only. Results were discussed from a gender role perspective. 相似文献
864.
P. A. Lamal 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1998,31(4):705-706
The proposal of Friman, Hayes, and Wilson (1998) that the concept of emotion be incorporated into behavior analysis is questioned. Their proposal is undermined by the problem of the verification of private events by others. A focus on private events, as exemplified by the proposal of Friman et al., can lead to a reversion to notions of agency and the autonomous individual. Also, the anchoring of hypothetical constructs to the behavioral data language is ill advised. 相似文献
865.
Donna K. Wood Alan R. Frank David P. Wacker 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1998,31(3):323-338
Multiple baseline designs were used to examine the effects of an instructional package on accuracy of performance in solving multiplication facts by 3 students with learning disabilities. The instructional package included the following components: (a) a modified instructional sequence in which multiplication facts were grouped into the zeros, ones, doubles, fives, and nines categories, and those remaining; (b) identification of the category in which each fact belonged; (c) mnemonic strategies associated with solving facts in each category; and (d) steps to be completed for solving facts in each category. Results indicated that the instructional package produced substantial and immediate effects. After receiving instruction, a participant's accuracy was often 100%, and this was maintained throughout the evaluation even as other strategies were introduced. Comparable results occurred across students, demonstrating replication of the effects of the instructional package. 相似文献
866.
Joseph P. Stokes David J. McKirnan Lynda Doll Rebecca G. Burzette 《Psychology of women quarterly》1996,20(2):267-284
Individual interviews with 350 behaviorally bisexual men aged 18–30 revealed that 71% of their female sexual partners and 59% of their steady female sexual partners in the past 6 months had not been aware of their homosexual activity. Rates of nondisclosure were higher for African-American than White men. Compared to nondisclosers, men who disclosed to all their female partners were less self-homophobic and perceived their friends, families, and neighbors as more accepting of their homosexual behavior. Compared to men who had disclosed, the nondisclosers had more female partners and used condoms less consistently with women. 相似文献
867.
The purpose of the study is to investigate the influence of initial projection of the centre of gravity (CG) on the spatial and temporal organization of the dynamic phenomena accompanying a voluntary movement in humans. From a horizontal quadrupedal stance, ten normal subjects were instructed to raise the right forelimb towards a support target in self paced velocity conditions. Three experimental conditions were tested for which the initial CG projection was either within (C1), at the limits of (C2) or outside the supporting triangle (C3). The results showed that vertical force variations on the four supports always preceded the first vertical displacement of the right wrist (onset of the movement). From C1 to C3, the duration of these anticipatory dynamic phenomena increased enabling an adjustment of the CG position such that equilibrium constraints were fulfilled. For all conditions, the acceleration peak of the CG occurred prior to the onset of movement and from C1 to C3, its magnitude increased in a single direction of the horizontal plane. For each condition, the load transfer was directed to the left forelimb and the right hindlimb (diagonal strategy) and reached a maximal value at the time of lift-off. With respect to this moment, the onset of the movement occurred increasingly early from C1 to C3. These results suggest that contribution of peripheral cues to postural control is more important, when the requirements of horizontal CG displacement increase. 相似文献
868.
Idsart Kingma Michiel P. de Looze Huub M. Toussaint Hans G. Klijnsma Tom B.M. Bruijnen 《Human movement science》1996,15(6):833-860
In studies related to human movement, linked segment models (LSM's) are often used to quantify forces and torques, generated in body joints. Some LSM's represent only a few body segments. Others, for instance used in studies on the control of whole body movements, include all body segments. As a consequence of the complexity of 3-dimensional (3-D) analyses, most LSM's are restricted to one plane of motion. However, in asymmetric movements this may result in a loss of relevant information. The aim of the current study was to develop and validate a 3-D LSM including all body segments. Braces with markers, attached to all body segments, were used to record the body movements. The validation of the model was accomplished by comparing the measured with the estimated ground reaction force and by comparing the torques at the lumbo-sacral joint that resulted from a bottom-up and a top-down mechanical analysis. For both comparisons, reasonable to good agreement was found. Sources of error that could not be analysed this way, were subjected to an additional sensitivity analysis. It was concluded that the internal validity of the current model is quite satisfactory. 相似文献
869.
Major sources of stress in Hong Kong teachers were investigated, with specific reference to guidance work as a potential source of stress. A survey of 415 secondary school teachers revealed that guidance-related aspects of work constituted a major dimension of stress, with guidance teachers, female teachers, younger teachers and junior teachers perceiving more stress than their counterparts in this dimension. Workload and time pressure were perceived as the most stressful aspects of work for all teachers. Results also showed an association between stress and job satisfaction, and biographical variables. Implications of the findings for teachers doing guidance work in Hong Kong and internationally are discussed. 相似文献
870.
Kenneth I. Maton Douglas M. Teti Kathleen M. Corns Catherine C. Vieira-Baker Jacqueline R. Lavine Karen R. Gouze Daniel P. Keating 《American journal of community psychology》1996,24(4):551-587
Levels and correlates of parental support, peer support, partner support, and/or spiritual support among African American
and Caucasian youth were examined in three contexts: adolescent pregnancy (Study 1), first year of college (Study 2), and
adolescence and young adulthood (ages 15–29; Study 3). Partially consistent with a cultural specificity perspective, in different
contexts different support sources were higher in level and/or more strongly related to adjustment for one ethnic group than
the other. Among pregnant adolescents, levels of spiritual support were higher for African Americans than Caucasians; additionally,
peer support was positively related to well-being only for African Americans whereas partner support was positively related
to well-being only for Caucasians. Among college freshmen, family support was more strongly related to institutional and goal
commitment for African Americans than Caucasians; conversely, peer support was more strongly related to institutional and
goal commitment among Caucasians. Among 15 to 29-year-olds, levels of parental support and spiritual support were higher among
African Americans than Caucasians; additionally, spiritual support was positively related to self-esteem for African Americans
but not for Caucasians. Implications and limitations of the research are discussed.
The third study was supported by National Institute of Mental Health Grant RO1 MH40963. We thank Monica Greene, Shea Lyda,
Wendy Stevenson, and the many undergraduate students who contributed to the three research projects. We also acknowledge the
very thoughtful and helpful comments of the anonymous reviewers and the editor, Edison Trickett. 相似文献