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221.
We studied the development of creative cognition in children ranging from nursery school to Grade 6 (4–12 yr old, N = 511), performing a problem generation task. The task involved inventing a novel item for a classical problem solving task they had completed beforehand: the Raven Progressive Matrices (RPM). This task and the generating task both comprise matrixes of components, to which a set of transformational relations are applied; only in the first case these are inferred to solve a puzzle, but in the second they are invented to create one. We analyzed the matrixes invented in the generation task and compared them to those of the original solving task. We observed that (a) both in solving and generation, the ability to combine more than 1 relation increased with grade level, (b) within all 8 grades, except Grades 3 and 6, performance was uncorrelated between both tasks, (c) relations that were applied in the generation task often did feature in the solving task, and (d) relations occurring in both tasks were applied with different frequencies. Overall, we conclude that standard problem solving ability is not a precondition for creative reasoning and that the comprehension of relations between components featured in solving task differs from that applied in generation. 相似文献
222.
Daniel J. O’Rourke Ronald E. Smith Frank L. Smoll Sean P. Cumming 《Journal of Applied Sport Psychology》2013,25(4):398-412
We assessed the role of parental behaviors on sport performance anxiety. Measures of trait anxiety, parental pressure, and parent-initiated motivational climate were administered to youth swimmers throughout the season. High parental pressure within either a low mastery or a high ego motivational climate was associated with the highest levels of anxiety at all time points. An early-season, high-pressure/low-mastery combination was also associated with relative increases in anxiety over the season, whereas high pressure within a high mastery climate was associated with relative decreases. Results indicate that parental pressure can have differential effects depending upon motivational climate. 相似文献
223.
The authors collected information from caregivers, trained observers, and parents to investigate quality elements in child-care programs designed for young children in center-based settings. Participants were 75 parents of children aged 15 to 36 months and their caregivers from 13 child-care centers in a southeastern state. Observers collected indicators of program quality and process and structural quality indicators, including adult-child ratio, group size, use of planned activities, use of child-designated space, housekeeping activities, and caregiver-child interactions. Participants responded to questions regarding their child-rearing beliefs, social support networks, perceived stress levels, and demographic characteristics. The best predictors of higher quality care and sensitive caregiver-child interaction in centers were specialized caregiver training, higher adult-child ratios, use of planned activities, and less perceived stress by caregivers. Implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
224.
Seventy-two first, second and third grade boys and girls were administered seriation problems involving different combinations of shape and color variation. Success rates and latency scores were influenced by shape variation, but not by color variation or grade level. The failure to obtain predicted interactions between the effects of grade level and stimulus variation was attributed to the clarity of the relevant stimulus dimension. 相似文献
225.
226.
Ronald G. Marteniuk 《Journal of motor behavior》2013,45(1):69-77
5 blindfolded Ss were required to make absolute judgments of the extent to which their extended right arm was voluntarily moved in the horizontal plane. The first experiment entailed the judgment of 20 different amplitudes and from these data a scale of equal discriminability was constructed for each S. From these individual scales amplitudes were selected for 5 additional absolute judgment experiments where the number of amplitudes were varied from 4 to 16. Analysis of the mean equal discriminability scale showed that kinesthetic sensitivity varied over the continuum of movements. The primary analysis of information transfer between number of amplitudes of movement and responses indicated that information transfer varied considerably over the 5 experiments with a maximum transfer of 2.48 bits occurring when 16 amplitudes were used. These results were discussed in terms of the possible cues involved in movement discrimination and whether kinesthetic cues could be used in a closed-loop model of voluntary movement control. 相似文献
227.
A horizontal straight-arm movement was used to determine the relationship between the physical stimulus continuum and the psychological continuum of kinesthetic extent of arm movement. A power function with an exponent of 1.075 best described this relationship. In addition, to classify extent of movement as belonging to either a prothetic or metathetic continuum, the category scale was derived. According to the functional criteria described by Stevens (1957), extent of movement was subserved by a metathetic process which would indicate that, for the present task, judgments were made through the use of positional cues rather than amplitude cues. 相似文献
228.
Ronald G. Marteniuk 《Journal of motor behavior》2013,45(4):249-259
The retention characteristics of several cues thought to underlie movement reproduction ability were examined and the results were discussed in terms of two models of motor short-term memory (Laabs, 1973; Pepper & Herman, 1970). Trace decay was indexed by constant error and not variable error. It appeared that the movement cues studied all had access to the central processing capacity in that forgetting did not occur until rehearsal was blocked by the introduction of a secondary task. However, there was some evidence to indicate that different cues are centrally represented in varying degrees of exactness. In this respect reliance on active movement cues and location cues produced better reproduction than passive movement and distance cues, respectively. The existence of an adaptation level established from the range of movement utilized was supported, and short movements were more dependent on central processing capacity than were long movements. 相似文献
229.
Five predicted relationships between age and intellectual level and 16 Rorschach variables were examined through a cross-sectional analysis of 47 healthy, community-dwelling elderly men and women. Subjects were compared by age and intellectual level using gender, level of medication, and scores on the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and the Geriatric Social Readjustment Questionnaire (GSRQ) as covariates. Screening tests for psychiatric and physical illness, recent life events, and hearing and vision loss were administered, In contrast to prior research suggesting changes in Rorschach scores with differences in age and intellectual level, only one significant difference was found for these variables. The data suggest that age and intellectual level may contribute less to Rorschach responses than was previously thought. 相似文献
230.
Ronald J. Ganellen 《Journal of personality assessment》2013,95(1):30-40
Three clinical psychologists were asked to rate the MAPS figures in terms of how much social withdrawal from people the usage of the type of figure would represent if it were used on the test. Their mean ratings were compared with the actual MAPS test performances of normal and schizophrenic patients. The data indicated that, although, psychologists could reliably rate the amount of social withdrawal associated with the figure types, there was no difference in social withdrawal scores between normals and schizophrenics. 相似文献