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261.
Two experiments investigated the capacity demands of stimulus and response priming in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) task. Three targets were presented in a stream of visual symbols: The first two (T1 and T2) required an unspeeded manual response at the end of the trial, but the third (T3) called for an immediate,speeded manual response. T2 and T3 either were identical (fully compatible), required the same response (response compatible), or required different responses (incompatible). Priming in the fully compatible condition depended strongly on successful identification of the priming stimulus, whereas response-based priming was observed regardless of whether the prime could be reported or not. These findings suggest that stimulus coding and response coding are automatic processes, unaffected by attentional capacity constraints, followed by capacity-limited stimulus consolidation and response selection. Moreover, even though response codes are activated automatically upon stimulus processing, both types of codes act, and affect behavior, independently. 相似文献
262.
Bernhard Weiss 《亚里斯多德学会会刊》2003,104(1):75-94
The paper is sympathetic to the idea that speakers have implicit knowledge of the semantics of sub-sentential elements of language, loosely, of words. Implicit knowledge is knowledge which the subject need not be capable of articulating yet which is a genuine propositional attitude and it is to be contrasted with tacit knowledge which refers to an information-bearing state which, however, is not a genuine propositional attitude. 1 I begin by defending the implicit knowledge conception of speakers' knowledge of the meanings of words from a challenge articulated by Evans and then go on the offensive against positions which attempt to replace the notion of implicit knowledge in semantic theory by that of tacit knowledge. 相似文献
263.
Bernhard Schlagbauer Maurice Mink Hermann J. Müller Thomas Geyer 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2017,79(2):508-521
Observers are able to resume an interrupted search trial faster relative to responding to a new, unseen display. This finding of rapid resumption is attributed to short-term perceptual hypotheses generated on the current look and confirmed upon subsequent looks at the same display. It has been suggested that the contents of perceptual hypotheses are similar to those of other forms of memory acquired long-term through repeated exposure to the same search displays over the course of several trials, that is, the memory supporting “contextual cueing.” In three experiments, we investigated the relationship between short-term perceptual hypotheses and long-term contextual memory. The results indicated that long-term, contextual memory of repeated displays neither affected the generation nor the confirmation of short-term perceptual hypotheses for these displays. Furthermore, the analysis of eye movements suggests that long-term memory provides an initial benefit in guiding attention to the target, whereas in subsequent looks guidance is entirely based on short-term perceptual hypotheses. Overall, the results reveal a picture of both long- and short-term memory contributing to reliable performance gains in interrupted search, while exerting their effects in an independent manner. 相似文献
264.
Colzato Lorenza S. Barone Hayley Sellaro Roberta Hommel Bernhard 《Psychological research》2017,81(1):271-277
Psychological Research - A recent study showed that binaural beats have an impact on the efficiency of allocating attention over time. We were interested to see whether this impact affects... 相似文献
265.
In two experiments, we investigated the stabilizing influence of vision on human upright posture in real and virtual environments. Visual stabilization was assessed by comparing eyes-open with eyes-closed conditions while subjects attempted to maintain balance in the presence of a stable visual scene. Visual stabilization in the virtual display w as reduced, as compared wit hreal-world viewing. Th is differencewas partially accountedfor by the reduced field of view in the virtual display. When the retinal flow inthe virtual display wasremoved by using dynamic random-dot stereograms with single-frame lifetimes (cyclopean stimuli), vision did notstabilize posture. There was also an overall larger stabilizing influence of vision when more unstable stances were adopted (e.g., one-foot, as compared with side-by-side, stance). Reducing the graphics latency of the virtual display by 63% did not increase visual stabilization in the virtual display. Other visual and psychological differences between real and virtual environments are discussed. 相似文献
266.
Ronacher B Wohlgemuth S Vogel A Krahe R 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》2008,122(3):252-263
A characteristic feature of hearing systems is their ability to resolve both fast and subtle amplitude modulations of acoustic signals. This applies also to grasshoppers, which for mate identification rely mainly on the characteristic temporal patterns of their communication signals. Usually the signals arriving at a receiver are contaminated by various kinds of noise. In addition to extrinsic noise, intrinsic noise caused by stochastic processes within the nervous system contributes to making signal recognition a difficult task. The authors asked to what degree intrinsic noise affects temporal resolution and, particularly, the discrimination of similar acoustic signals. This study aims at exploring the neuronal basis for sexual selection, which depends on exploiting subtle differences between basically similar signals. Applying a metric, by which the similarities of spike trains can be assessed, the authors investigated how well the communication signals of different individuals of the same species could be discriminated and correctly classified based on the responses of auditory neurons. This spike train metric yields clues to the optimal temporal resolution with which spike trains should be evaluated. 相似文献
267.
Prof. Dr. Sven Olaf Hoffmann Dipl.-Psych. Gerd Rudolf Bernhard Strauß 《Psychotherapeut》2008,53(1):4-16
Unwanted effects or even damage due to psychotherapy are largely neglected issues within psychotherapy research as compared to other fields. On the other hand, it is reasonable to assume that unwanted effects of a treatment which intends to influence patients into a positive direction are very likely. The rate of negative effects of psychotherapy (the deterioration effect according to Bergin) is consistently estimated to be 10% of all cases and shows this same rate in a variety of studies. This review highlights side effects of psychotherapy both on the part of the patients and of the therapists. It reports unwanted effects related to different psychotherapeutic methods, i.e. psychoanalysis, cognitive behaviour therapy, client-centered psychotherapy and – beyond these basic orientations – group psychotherapy. The paper also reports on negative effects of psychotherapy on an untreated partner. Finally, some proposals are given on how negative effects of psychotherapy could be diminished. The authors especially highlight the possibilities of changing the therapist, the treatment technique, or the theoretical treatment approach as a way to reduce negative effects. 相似文献
268.
In many countries, psychotherapy is increasingly influenced by standards of scientifically evaluated methods and disorder-specific approaches. Referring to the definitions of the Scientific Council for Psychotherapy in Germany (WBP) concerning the differentiation of modalities, methods and techniques, this article points out that clear distinctions between modalities and methods are increasingly vanishing; instead, the tendency, especially within behavior therapy, to integrate all scientifically based methods and techniques is prevailing. This trend runs parallel with a development away from ?disorder-specific“ to a ?disorder-oriented“ approach. Facing the fact that technical aspects explain a relatively small proportion of outcome variance in psychotherapy, research related to the quality of psychotherapists is recommended. In addition, ?empirically validated psychotherapists“ should receive guidelines instead of rules of action. 相似文献
269.
People respond more slowly if an irrelevant feature of a target stimulus is incompatible with the relevant feature or the
correct response. Such compatibility effects are often reduced in trials following an incompatible trial, which has been taken
to reflect increased cognitive control. This pattern holds only if two trials share some similarities, however, suggesting
that it may be modulated by the episodic context. To look into this possibility, we had participants respond to high- or low-pitched
tones by saying “high” or “low,” respectively, and ignore the simultaneously presented auditory word “high” or “low.” As expected,
performance was impaired if the heard word was incompatible with the required response, and this Stroop-like effect was reduced
after incompatible trials. This sequential modulation was observed, however, only if the voice in the two successive trials
was the same, whereas no modulation was obtained when the speaker changed. The results suggest that sequential modulations
are due to the automatic retrieval of episodic event representations that integrate stimuli, actions, and situational and
task-specific control information, so that later reactivation of some elements of a given representation tends to retrieve
the other elements as well. 相似文献
270.