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451.
This paper compares two theories and their two corresponding computational models of human moral judgment. In order to better address psychological realism and generality of theories of moral judgment, more detailed and more psychologically nuanced models are needed. In particular, a motivationally based theory of moral judgment (and its corresponding computational model) is developed in this paper that provides a more accurate account of human moral judgment than an existing emotion‐reason conflict theory. Simulations based on the theory capture and explain a range of relevant human data. They account not only for the original data that were used to support the emotion – reason conflict theory, but also for a wider range of data and phenomena. 相似文献
452.
Increases in the sophistication of workplace computerization has provided modern-day managers with superior tools, such as electronic performance monitoring (EPM), with which to supervise their employees. Expanding on studies by Aiello (e. g., Aiello, 1993), the present study aimed to examine EPM in a social facilitation framework, exploring not only the relationship with task performance and stress, but also with an individual's subjective mood state. Thirty-three female and 15 male university students were required to solve a series of anagrams via a purpose-built computer program. Both the difficulty of the anagrams (easy or difficult) and the presence of monitoring (present or absent) were varied for each participant. Results indicated that the visual presence of EPM resulted in an easy task being performed with greater proficiency and a difficult task being performed with less proficiency. When participants were attempting to solve an easy task, the presence of EPM resulted in a participant's mood state becoming significantly more positive; whereas when solving a difficult task, EPM caused a more negative mood state. Similarly, it was found that a higher level of subjective stress was experienced when EPM was present, as opposed to absent. when individuals were performing a difficult task. The implications for the workplace applications produced by this study are discussed. 相似文献
453.
Jessica Gerson Rhianon Allen Jerry Gold Gary Kose 《Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy》2000,30(1):27-32
This study examined the effects of religious and professional beliefs on clinical judgment. Eighty-seven psychotherapists completed a religious belief survey and a professional belief survey, as well as a questionnaire concerning internal conflict between professional and religious beliefs. The subjects then read two brief vignettes, describing a religious and a non-religious patient, and rated the patients with regard to optimism or pessimism concerning responsiveness to treatment. The results showed that there was no significant relationship between religious and professional beliefs. However, the strength of religious beliefs predicted optimism for the religious patient. In addition, there was a significant interaction effect between strength of religious beliefs and strength of professional beliefs on clinical ratings. 相似文献
454.
Ron Smith 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2000,22(4):299-307
Treatment professionals, whether clinicians, scientists, or policy makers, are interested in developing methods to improve behavioral health treatment outcomes. Clinicians are interested in knowing what treatment practices to incorporate into the services they offer clients. Policymakers request guidance regarding which decisions are most likely to lead to effective treatment approaches and structures. Scientists are eager to contribute knowledge pertinent to building and evaluating effective treatment practices and policies. The papers in this special series provide information on substance abuse treatment practices andpresent findings relevant to clinical practice, policy decisions, and scientific inquiry. This paper provides a brief overview of the National Treatment Improvement Evaluation Study (NTIES) and briefly summarizes the other research papers included in this issue, all of which exemplify practice and policy issues in the substance abuse treatment field and bolster approaches applied to address these issues. 相似文献
455.
Louis P Hagopian David E Kuhn Geri E Strother Ron Van Houten 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2009,42(4):907-911
Social skills deficits are a defining feature of individuals diagnosed with autism and other pervasive developmental disorders (PDD), which can impair functioning and put the individual at higher risk for developing problem behavior (e.g., self‐injury, aggression). In the current study, an adolescent with PDD displayed inappropriate social behavior (inappropriate comments, social withdrawal, and touching others without their permission) during social interactions. An intervention using instructions, differential reinforcement, and corrective feedback successfully reduced inappropriate social behaviors. 相似文献
456.
James M. Gold Britta Hahn Gregory P. Strauss James A. Waltz 《Neuropsychology review》2009,19(3):294-311
Patients with schizophrenia demonstrate marked impairments on most clinical neuropsychological tests. These findings suggest
that patients suffer from a generalized form of cognitive impairment, with little evidence of spared performance documented
in several large meta-analytic reviews of the clinical literature. In contrast, we review evidence for relative sparing of
aspects of attention, procedural memory, and emotional processing observed in studies that have employed experimental approaches
adapted from the cognitive and affective neuroscience literature. These islands of preserved performance suggest that the
cognitive deficits in schizophrenia are not as general as they appear to be when assayed with clinical neuropsychological
methods. The apparent contradiction in findings across methods may offer important clues about the nature of cognitive impairment
in schizophrenia. The documentation of preserved cognitive function in schizophrenia may serve to sharpen hypotheses about
the biological mechanisms that are implicated in the illness. 相似文献
457.
Ron Berghmans Johan de Jong Aad Tibben Guido de Wert 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2009,30(4):311-321
The shift in the prevailing view of alcoholism from a moral paradigm towards a biomedical paradigm is often characterized
as a form of biomedicalization. We will examine and critique three reasons offered for the claim that viewing alcoholism as
a disease is morally problematic. The first is that the new conceptualization of alcoholism as a chronic brain disease will
lead to individualization, e.g., a too narrow focus on the individual person, excluding cultural and social dimensions of
alcoholism. The second claim is that biomedicalization will lead to stigmatization and discrimination for both alcoholics
and people who are at risk of becoming alcoholics. The third claim is that as a result of the biomedical point of view, the
autonomy and responsibility of alcoholics and possibly even persons at risk may be unjustly restricted. Our conclusion is
that the claims against the biomedical conceptualization of alcoholism as a chronic brain disease are neither specific nor
convincing. Not only do some of these concerns also apply to the traditional moral model; above that they are not strong enough
to justify the rejection of the new biomedical model altogether. The focus in the scientific and public debate should not
be on some massive “biomedicalization objection” but on the various concerns underlying what is framed in terms of the biomedicalization
of alcoholism. 相似文献
458.
459.
Parent-Professional Alliance and Outcomes of Child,Parent,
and Family Treatment: A Systematic Review
Marieke de Greef Huub M. Pijnenburg Marion J. C. van Hattum Bryce D. McLeod Ron H. J. Scholte 《Journal of child and family studies》2017,26(4):961-976
This review systematically explored research examining the relation between parent-professional alliance and outcomes of psychosocial treatments provided to children, and their parents and families. Study findings and methodological characteristics were reviewed to investigate the evidence linking the alliance between parents and professionals to outcomes of child, parent, and family treatment as well as to identify factors that may influence the alliance-outcome association. A systematic review of the literature was conducted that included a search of three electronic databases using specified search terms, followed by a hand search to identify relevant studies. A total of 46 studies (37 published articles and 9 unpublished dissertations) met inclusion criteria. Overall, the findings indicated that higher levels of parent-professional alliance were significantly associated with improved clinical outcomes and stronger treatment engagement. However, some studies found that the parent-professional alliance was not significantly related to clinical outcomes or treatment engagement, and a few studies showed that higher levels of alliance were related to less positive clinical outcomes and lower levels of treatment engagement. Several theoretical (problem type, child age, parent sex) and methodological (source and timing of alliance measurement, alliance-outcome informants, outcome domain, timing of outcome measurement) factors were identified that could influence the alliance-outcome association. Together, our findings emphasize the importance of alliance awareness when working with parents as well as a need for future studies to investigate factors influencing the quality of the parent-professional alliance and alliance-outcome association in child, parent, and family treatment. 相似文献
460.
One Thought Too Few: Where <Emphasis Type="Italic">De Dicto</Emphasis> Moral Motivation is Necessary
Ron?AboodiEmail authorView authors OrcID profile 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2017,20(2):223-237
De dicto moral motivation is typically characterized by the agent’s conceiving of her goal in thin normative terms such as to do what is right. I argue that lacking an effective de dicto moral motivation (at least in a certain broad sense of this term) would put the agent in a bad position for responding in the morally-best manner (relative to her epistemic state) in a certain type of situations. Two central features of the relevant type of situations are (1) the appropriateness of the agent’s uncertainty concerning her underived moral values, and (2) the practical, moral importance of resolving this uncertainty. I argue that in some situations that are marked by these two features the most virtuous response is deciding to conduct a deep moral inquiry for a de dicto moral purpose. In such situations lacking an effective de dicto moral motivation would amount to a moral shortcoming. I show the implications for Michael Smith’s (1994) argument against Motivational Judgment Externalism and for Brian Weatherson’s (2014) argument against avoiding moral recklessness: both arguments rely on a depreciating view of de dicto moral motivation, and both fail; or so I argue. 相似文献