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381.
Developmental trajectories of childhood disruptive behaviors and adolescent delinquency: a six-site,cross-national study 总被引:37,自引:0,他引:37
Broidy LM Nagin DS Tremblay RE Bates JE Brame B Dodge KA Fergusson D Horwood JL Loeber R Laird R Lynam DR Moffitt TE Pettit GS Vitaro F 《Developmental psychology》2003,39(2):222-245
This study used data from 6 sites and 3 countries to examine the developmental course of physical aggression in childhood and to analyze its linkage to violent and nonviolent offending outcomes in adolescence. The results indicate that among boys there is continuity in problem behavior from childhood to adolescence and that such continuity is especially acute when early problem behavior takes the form of physical aggression. Chronic physical aggression during the elementary school years specifically increases the risk for continued physical violence as well as other nonviolent forms of delinquency during adolescence. However, this conclusion is reserved primarily for boys, because the results indicate no clear linkage between childhood physical aggression and adolescent offending among female samples despite notable similarities across male and female samples in the developmental course of physical aggression in childhood. 相似文献
382.
We investigated the relative contribution of perfective and imperfective aspectual cues on situation models. In Experiment 1, participants were more likely to choose pictures showing completed events than pictures showing ongoing events when they had read perfective sentences, but chose either picture after reading imperfective sentences. In Experiment 2, only one picture was presented and participants were faster to respond to completed pictures than to ongoing pictures when they had read perfective sentences, but showed no latency differences after reading the imperfective sentences. In Experiment 3, participants were faster to read perfective sentences after having seen completed pictures rather than intermediate pictures, but there was no difference for imperfective sentences. The consistent pattern of results demonstrates that readers construct mental representations of completed events when the perfective aspect is used to describe an event. The lack of effect on imperfective sentences and pictures suggests that each reader represents an in-progress event at varying stages of completion. 相似文献
383.
Serradeil-Le Gal C Derick S Brossard G Manning M Simiand J Gaillard R Griebel G Guillon G 《Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2003,6(3):199-206
By activating three distinct vasopressin receptor isoforms called V1a-R, V1b-R (V3-R) and V2-R, vasopressin (VP) mediates a wide number of biological effects in mammals and may be involved in several pathological states. Up to now only specific V1a and V2 receptor agonists and antagonists have been successfully designed. The role of the V1b-R still remains partially unknown, due to the lack of selective V1b-R ligands and orally-active molecules, which are crucial tools for investigating the central and peripheral functions or pathological disorders associated with this receptor. In this review, we report the biological and pharmacological properties of the first two specific V1b-R ligands: d[Cha4] AVP, a high affinity V1b-R agonist and SSR149415, a potent orally-active V1b-R antagonist with good selectivity with respect to other VP/OT receptor isoforms and able to control ACTH secretion in vitro and in vivo. Indeed, these molecules constitute invaluable tools for exploring the central and peripheral roles of VP mediated via V1b receptors. Interestingly, SSR149415 displays potent anxiolytic and antidepressant-like activities, indicating that this new class of drugs has a promising therapeutical potential in the treatment of stress-related disorders, anxiety and depression. 相似文献
384.
Disruptive and delinquent girls are not well served by the mental health and juvenile justice systems. Interventions that
have been developed for the behavior problems of boys are frequently applied to girls despite growing evidence for a female-specific
phenotype, developmental course, and set of risk factors from middle childhood onwards. The current review demonstrates that
evidence of the effectiveness of treatments for girls with disruptive and delinquent behaviors is extremely limited, with
relatively few studies including sufficient numbers of females or reporting on treatment effects by gender. However, a small
body of evidence suggests that interventions specifically designed to address female behavior problems or risk factors can
be effective in ameliorating disruptive and delinquent behaviors in both pre-adolescence and adolescence. Multi-modal interventions
that target interacting domains of risk also show promise. Methodological issues are discussed and recommendations are made
for the development and evaluation of future interventions to prevent and reduce girls’ disruptive and delinquent behavior. 相似文献
385.
Thirty smokers and 30 nonsmokers participated in aflicker study in which the role of attentional bias in change detection was examined. The participants observed picture pairs of
everyday objects flicker on a computer screen until they detected the one object that had changed. In half of the pictures,
a smoking-related object (e.g., a lighter) was included among smoking-unrelated objects (e.g., a spoon). Half of the smokers
and half of the nonsmokers were aware of the experiment’s focus, and the other half were not. The smokers exhibited shorter
detection latencies than did the nonsmokers when a smoking object changed and longer detection latencies when a nonsmoking
object changed while a smoking object was present, and they exhibited detection latencies similar to those of the nonsmokers
when smoking objects were not present. Interestingly, the nonsmokers displayed the same attentional bias as the smokers when
they were aware of the experiment’s smoking focus, but they did not display any attentional bias when they were unaware. Thus,
these findings provide evidence for long-term context-independent, as well as for short-term context-dependent, attentional
bias. 相似文献
386.
Van Dick R Wagner U Stellmacher J Christ O Tissington PA 《Genetic, social, and general psychology monographs》2005,131(3):189-218
In the past few years, ideas of Social Identity Theory and Self-Categorization Theory have been successfully applied to the organizational domain. In this article, the authors provide an overview of these recent developments and present a concept of social identification in organizational contexts, based on these theories. The assumptions of this framework are that (a) social identification in organizational contexts is a multifaceted concept consisting of different dimensions and foci (or targets), (b) higher levels of identification are related to higher productivity and more positive work-related attitudes, and (c) identification is a very flexible concept that is linked to the situational context. The authors present the results of a series of field and laboratory studies in which the proposed relationships are analyzed and, in the main, confirmed. 相似文献
387.
Raine A Moffitt TE Caspi A Loeber R Stouthamer-Loeber M Lynam D 《Journal of abnormal psychology》2005,114(1):38-49
This study addresses 5 unresolved issues in the neuropsychology of antisocial behavior using a community sample of 325 school boys in whom neurocognitive measures were assessed at age 16-17 years. Antisocial behavior measures collected from age 7-17 years were cluster analyzed and produced 4 groups: control, childhood-limited, adolescent-limited, and life-course persistent. Those on the lifecourse persistent path and also on the childhood-limited path were particularly impaired on spatial and memory functions. Impairments were independent of abuse, psychosocial adversity, head injury, and hyperactivity. Findings provide some support for the life-course persistent versus adolescent-limited theory of antisocial behavior and suggest that (a) neurocognitive impairments are profound and not artifactual and (b) childhood-limited antisocials may not be free of long-lasting functional impairment. 相似文献
388.
Gatzke-Kopp LM Raine A Loeber R Stouthamer-Loeber M Steinhauer SR 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2002,30(5):477-486
Low tonic skin conductance level (SCL) has been related, inconsistently, to both delinquency and sensation-seeking. This study tests the hypothesis that there is an interaction such that high sensation seeking delinquents, in particular, have low SCLs. Participants consisted of 335 boys from the Pittsburgh Youth Study classified as serious delinquents or controls based upon 10 years of prospectively collected self-report delinquency data. Participants' skin conductance was evaluated at age 16 along with several personality and neuropsychological measures. Both delinquency and sensation seeking were characterized by low SCL. However, there was no evidence to suggest that the presence of both of these factors together lead to especially low skin conductance levels. This finding is not explained by differences between the groups on measures of negative emotionality, IQ, socioeconomic status, or impulsivity. 相似文献
389.
Language comprehenders mentally represent the shapes of objects 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
We examined the prediction that people activate perceptual symbols during language comprehension. Subjects read sentences describing an animal or object in a certain location. The shape of the object or animal changed as a function of its location (e.g., eagle in the sky, eagle in a nest). However, this change was only implied by the sentences. After reading a sentence, subjects were presented with a line drawing of the object in question. They judged whether the object had been mentioned in the sentence (Experiment 1) or simply named the object (Experiment 2). In both cases, responses were faster when the pictured object's shape matched the shape implied by the sentence than when there was a mismatch. These results support the hypothesis that perceptual symbols are routinely activated in language comprehension. 相似文献
390.