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211.
In divided-attention tasks, responses are faster when two target stimuli are presented, and thus one is redundant, than when only a single target stimulus is presented. Raab (1962) suggested an account of this redundant-targets effect in terms of a race model in which the response to redundant target stimuli is initiated by the faster of two separate target detection processes. Such models make a prediction about the probability distributions of reaction times that is often called the race model inequality, and it is often of interest to test this prediction. In this article, we describe a precise algorithm that can be used to test the race model inequality and present MATLAB routines and a Pascal program that implement this algorithm. 相似文献
212.
Rolf Loeber Alison Hipwell Deena Battista Mark Sembower Magda Stouthamer-Loeber 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(8):1035-1048
Much of the research examining intergenerational continuity of problems from mother to offspring has focused on homotypic
continuity (e.g., depression), despite the fact that different types of mental health problems tend to cluster in both adults
and children. It remains unclear whether mothers with multiple mental health problems compared to mothers with fewer or no
problems are more likely to have daughters with multiple mental health problems during middle childhood (ages 7 to 11). Six
waves of maternal and child data from the Pittsburgh Girls Study (n = 2,451) were used to examine the specificity of effects of maternal psychopathology on child adjustment. Child multiple
mental health problems comprised disruptive behavior, ADHD symptoms, depressed mood, anxiety symptoms and somatic complaints,
while maternal multiple mental health problems consisted of depression, prior conduct problems and somatic complaints. Generalized
Estimating Equations (GEE) was used to examine the prospective relationships between mother’s single and multiple mental health
problems and their daughter’s single and multiple mental health problems across the elementary school-aged period (ages 7–11 years).
The results show that multiple mental health problems in the mothers predicted multiple mental health problems in the daughters
even when earlier mental health problem of the daughters, demographic factors, and childrearing practices were controlled.
Maternal low parental warmth and harsh punishment independently contributed to the prediction of multiple mental health problems
in their daughter, but mediation analyses showed that the contribution of parenting behaviors to the explanation of girls’
mental health problems was small. 相似文献
213.
Population counts and longitude and latitude coordinates were estimated for the 50 largest cities in the United States by computational linguistic techniques and by human participants. The mathematical technique Latent Semantic Analysis applied to newspaper texts produced similarity ratings between the 50 cities that allowed for a multidimensional scaling (MDS) of these cities. MDS coordinates correlated with the actual longitude and latitude of these cities, showing that cities that are located together share similar semantic contexts. This finding was replicated using a first-order co-occurrence algorithm. The computational estimates of geographical location as well as population were akin to human estimates. These findings show that language encodes geographical information that language users in turn may use in their understanding of language and the world. 相似文献
214.
Discrimination performance is often assessed by measuring the difference limen (DL; or just noticeable difference) in a two-alternative forced choice (2AFC) task. Here, we show that the DL estimated from 2AFC percentage-correct data is likely to systematically under- or overestimate true discrimination performance if order effects are present. We show how pitfalls with the 2AFC task may be avoided and suggest a novel approach for analyzing 2AFC data. 相似文献
215.
Hannes Schröter Luisa S. Frei Rolf Ulrich Jeff Miller 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2009,71(6):1375-1384
In two experiments, we examined simple reaction times (RTs) for detection of the onsets and offsets of auditory stimuli. Both experiments assessed the redundant signals effect (RSE), which is traditionally defined as the reduction in RT associated with the presentation of two redundant stimuli, rather than a single stimulus. In Experiment 1, with two identical tones presented via headphones to the left ear, right ear, or both, no RSE was found in responding to tone onsets, but a large RSE was found in responding to their offsets. In Experiment 2, with a pure tone and white noise as the two stimulus alternatives, RSEs were found for responding to both onsets and offsets. The results support the notion that the occurrence of an RSE depends on the number of percepts, rather than the number of stimuli, and on the requirement to respond to stimulus onsets versus offsets. The parallel grains model (Miller & Ulrich, 2003) provides one possible account of this pattern of results. 相似文献
216.
This study examined concurrent and longitudinal associations between peer deviance, parenting practices, and conduct and oppositional
problems among young girls ages 7 and 8. Participants were 588 African American and European American girls who were part
of a population-based study of the development of conduct problems and delinquency among girls. Affiliations with problem-prone
peers were apparent among a sizeable minority of the girls, and these associations included both males and females. Although
peer delinquency concurrently predicted disruptive behaviors, the gender of these peers did not contribute to girls’ behavior
problems. Harsh parenting and low parental warmth showed both concurrent and prospective associations with girls’ disruptive
behaviors. Similar patterns of association were seen for African American and European American girls. The findings show that
peer and parent risk processes are important contributors to the early development of young girls’ conduct and oppositional
behaviors. These data contribute to our understanding of girls’ aggression and antisocial behaviors and further inform our
understanding of risk processes for these behaviors among young girls in particular.
相似文献
Alison HipwellEmail: |
217.
Rolf Holtz 《Journal of applied social psychology》2003,33(9):1922-1944
Two processes were examined by which estimation of the attitude positions of others can increase opinion certainty. In Study 1, sophomore and senior students exhibited greater conviction about their own opinions following an opportunity to estimate the attitudes of in‐group members compared to persons who did not receive this opportunity. In an out‐group projection condition, as expected, reduced attitude similarity to freshman students augmented the opinion certainty of sophomores only. In this condition, sophomore opinion certainty was predicted by their perceived status similarity to the freshman out‐group. In Study 2, the relationships between intergroup status similarity, projected intergroup attitudes, and increments in opinion certainty were reexamined and replicated. These findings are discussed in accord with the motivational and cognitive factors that account for the interface between group dynamics and attitude strength. 相似文献
218.
Jan A. Häusser Nina M. Junker Rolf van Dick 《European journal of social psychology》2020,50(4):721-732
In this article, we aim at theoretical specification and integration of mechanisms proposed within the Social Identity Approach to Health and Well-being. We differentiate group-level and individual-level effects of shared social identity by distinguishing three different aspects: individual identification, group identification, and individually perceived group identification. We discuss specific group-level mechanisms (i.e., mutual social support and collective self-efficacy) and individual level-mechanisms (i.e., attribution and appraisal processes regarding stressors and resources) for each of the three aspects. A core conclusion is that the positive effects of shared social identity on health and well-being crucially depend on its close relationship with social support, and that although social support is an interindividual phenomenon, it is intraindividual mechanisms—attribution and appraisal—that shape the psychological partnership between social identity and social support. Therefore, we put special emphasis on cross-level interactions between group- and individual-level mechanisms, which have been widely neglected in earlier research. 相似文献
219.
220.
Patrick H. Tolan Deborah Gorman-Smith Rolf Loeber 《Journal of child and family studies》2000,9(2):203-220
A longitudinal sample of 306 males were followed with annual interviews over 4 years to evaluate the role of the timing of onset of different types of disruptive behaviors in predicting later arrest rates. In particular, we applied the Developmental Pathways model to explain progressions from less serious to more serious behaviors and progression along three types of disruptive pathways defined as Overt, Covert, and Authority Conflict behaviors. Results indicated that the sequences and the prognostic properties hypothesized for the model were supported. Most youth showed a progression from behaviors expected to occur earlier to those expected to come later according to the model. In addition, these results showed that onset timing of most types of behavior as well as rapidity of reaching more serious behavior related to arrest rate. This cross-validation extends the model to a high risk inner-city population and to Latino youth. One notable exception to the general trend found was that violence did not always follow earlier involvement in less serious offenses and did not seem to show the same onset timing relation to risk for arrests. Social-ecological differences in the precipitants of violence in the inner-city compared to other developmental settings, as well as the possibility that multiple forms of violence have differing underlying causes, may explain this exception. The model's generality suggests it has utility for guiding and discriminating risk better than simply noting the frequency, seriousness, or onset timing of delinquency. 相似文献