Temporal aspects of slant and inclination perception.

Linear transformations (shear or scale transformations) of either horizontal or vertical disparity give rise to the percept of slant or inclination. It has been proposed that the percept of slant induced by vertical size disparity, known as Ogle's induced-size effect, and the analogous induced-shear effect, compensate for scale and shear distortions arising from aniseikonia, eccentric viewing, and cyclodisparity. We hypothesised that these linear transformations of vertical disparity are processed more slowly than equivalent transformations of horizontal disparity (horizontal shear and size disparity). We studied the temporal properties of the stereoscopic slant and inclination percepts that arose when subjects viewed stereograms with various combinations of horizontal and vertical size or shear disparities. We found no evidence to support our hypothesis. There were no clear differences in the build-up of percepts of slant or inclination induced by step changes in horizontal size or shear disparity and those induced by step changes in vertical size or shear disparity. Perceived slant and inclination decreased in a similar manner with increasing temporal frequency for modulations of transformations of both horizontal and vertical disparity. Considerable individual differences were found and several subjects experienced slant reversal, particularly with oscillating stimuli. An interesting finding was that perceived slant induced by modulations of dilation disparity was in the direction of the vertical component. This suggests the vertical size disparity mechanism has a higher temporal bandwidth than the horizontal size disparity mechanism. However, conflicting perspective information may play a dominant role in determining the temporal properties of perceived slant and inclination.     

Cross-Validation of the Five-Factor Interpretive Model of the Suicide Opinion Questionnaire

This study is a cross-validation analysis of the five-factor interpretative model of the Suicide Opinion Questionnaire ( Domino, Moore, Westlake, & Gibson, 1982 ) reported by Rogers and DeShon (1992) . Results indicated moderate support for the five-factor model. That is, although the factor analysis results generally supported the 5-factor model, a number of items loaded equally well across 2 or more factors. Additionally, internal consistency and test–retest reliabilities ranged from .48 to .85 and from .34 to .92, respectively, indicating weaknesses in some of the subscales. Strategies are suggested for the future psychometric development and refinement of the instrument.