Summary: Two nonverbal methods for assessing degree of interpersonal attraction were explored. Twenty children ranging from 11 to 13 years of age were asked to select two liked and two disliked classmates of the same sex. On four different trials, subjects selected one geometric block to represent themselves and one to represent a pre-selected classmate, then placed the figures on a ruled board. Distance between objects was measured and found to be significantly related to degree of peer liking. In addition, subjects were asked to draw each of the four peers. The human figure drawings were rated for total pictorial detail which was found to vary strongly across magnitude of liking for female subjects, and for parts integration which was found to vary with degree of peer liking for both sexes. The degree of rated positive affective tone of drawings was also found to increase with liking. Implications for the use of these two interpersonal assessment techniques in clinical practice were discussed. 相似文献
The tau-dot hypothesis states that when tau-dot greater than or equal to -0.5, impact will be soft; when tau-dot < -0.5, impact will be "hard." Four experiments tested the usefulness of tau-dot for observers of collisions between 2 objects (rather than collisions between the observer and an object). Observers watched collisions depicted on a computer as 1 object approaching another. Results conformed to the tau-dot hypothesis and were consistent with previous research wherein observers watched collisions as participants. Results suggest that the information specifying collision severity is the rate of the relative rate of optical variation, a quantity that remains invariant over differing collision path trajectories and over differing perceivers (i.e., spectators or participants, viewing from different vantage points, moving or stationary). 相似文献
Individuals switch from risk seeking to risk aversion when mathematically identical options are described in terms of loss versus gains, as exemplified in the reflection and framing effects. Determining the neurobiology underlying such cognitive biases could inform our understanding of decision making in health and disease. Although reports vary, data using human subjects have implicated the amygdala in such biases. Animal models enable more detailed investigation of neurobiological mechanisms. We therefore tested whether basolateral amygdala (BLA) lesions would affect risk preference for gains or losses in rats. Choices in both paradigms were always between options of equal expected value—a guaranteed outcome, or the 50:50 chance of double or nothing. In the loss-chasing task, most rats exhibited strong risk seeking preferences, gambling at the risk of incurring double the penalty, regardless of the size of the guaranteed loss. In the betting task, the majority of animals were equivocal in their choice, irrespective of bet size; however, a wager-sensitive subgroup progressively shifted away from the uncertain option as the bet size increased, which is reminiscent of risk aversion. BLA lesions increased preference for the smaller guaranteed loss in the loss-chasing task, without affecting choice on the betting task, which is indicative of reduced risk seeking for losses, but intact risk aversion for gains. These data support the hypothesis that the amygdala plays a more prominent role in choice biases related to losses. Given the importance of the amygdala in representing negative affect, the aversive emotional reaction to loss, rather than aberrant estimations of probability or loss magnitude, may underlie risk seeking for losses. 相似文献
Cross-informant discrepancies on reports of psychopathology can have detrimental consequences on the relationship between emerging adults and their parents. The current study utilized emerging adult reports of their own psychopathology and their perspective on their parent’s psychopathology as well as their parents’ reports of parental psychopathology and their perspective on the emerging adult’s psychopathology (measured using the Adult Self Report and Adult Behavior Checklist). Analyses were performed to further examine the associated between the discrepancies between emerging adult and parent reports of psychopathology on dyadic relationship qualities (i.e., affection, conflict, and satisfaction within the emerging adult-parent relationship). Emerging adults and their parents demonstrated significant differences in their reports of parental depression as well as emerging adult depression, anxiety, and antisocial personality problems. Furthermore, discrepancies on parental depression and antisocial problems and emerging adult depression were associated with differences on relationship qualities. Additional results and implications are discussed.
Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology - Caregivers play a central role in promoting emotion regulation throughout infancy, childhood, and adolescence. However, there are no existing... 相似文献
Educating undergraduates about current genetic testing and genomics can involve novel and creative teaching practices. The
higher education literature describes numerous pedagogical approaches in the laboratory designed to engage science and liberal
arts students. Often these experiences involve students analyzing their own genes for various polymorphisms, some of which
are associated with disease states such as an increased risk for developing cancer. While the literature acknowledges possible
ethical ramifications of such laboratory exercises, authors do not present recommendations or rubrics for evaluating whether
or not the testing is, in fact, ethical. In response, we developed a laboratory investigation and discussion which allowed
undergraduate science students to explore current DNA manipulation techniques to isolate their p53 gene, followed by a dialogue
probing the ethical implications of examining their sample for various polymorphisms. Students never conducted genotyping
on their samples because of ethical concerns, so the discussion served to replace actual genetic testing in the class. A basic
scientist led the laboratory portion of the assignment. A genetic counselor facilitated the discussion, which centered around
existing ethical guidelines for clinical genetic testing and possible challenges of human genotyping outside the medical setting.
In their final papers, students demonstrated an understanding of the practice guidelines established by the genetics community
and acknowledged the ethical considerations inherent in p53 genotyping. Given the burgeoning market for personalized medicine,
teaching undergraduates about the psychosocial and ethical dimensions of human gene testing seems important and timely, and
introduces an additional role genetic counselors can play in educating consumers about genomics. 相似文献
We examined parental ADHD symptoms and contextual (parental education, social support, marital status) predictors of parent
domain parenting stress (parental distress) as a function of child ADHD symptoms in a sample of 95 parents of 8 to 12 year-old
children with and without ADHD. Parents’ perceptions of parental distress and social support were inversely-related. Parental
ADHD symptomatology was the strongest predictor of parental distress of the variables considered. Models using teacher reports
of child ADHD symptomatology and oppositionality differed from ones using parent reports, in that child oppositionality was
only predictive of parental distress in the parent-report model. A post-hoc analysis showed that child factors did not predict
parental distress over and above parent ADHD symptoms and contextual factors. These results suggest that parental ADHD symptomatology
and parenting stress reduction should be considered in development of interventions for families of children with ADHD. 相似文献
Walkability has been linked to quality of life in many ways. Health related benefits of physical exercise, the accessibility
and access benefits of being able to walk to obtain some of your daily needs, or the mental health and social benefits of
reduced isolation are a few of the many positive impacts on quality of life that can result from a walkable neighborhood.
In the age of increasing energy costs and climate considerations, the ability to walk to important locations is a key component
of sustainable communities. While the health and environmental implications of walkable communities are being extensively
studied, the social benefits have not been investigated as broadly. Social capital is a measure of an individual’s or group’s
networks, personal connections, and involvement. Like economic and human capital, social capital is considered to have important
values to both individuals and communities. Through a case study approach this article argues that the generation and maintenance
of social capital is another important component of quality of life that may be facilitated by living in a walkable community.
Residents living in neighborhoods of varying built form and thus varying levels of walkability in three communities in New
Hampshire were surveyed about their levels of social capital and travel behaviors. Comparisons between the more walkable and
less walkable neighborhoods show that levels of social capital are higher in more walkable neighborhoods. 相似文献
The study investigated the impact of victim sexual orientation, perpetrator gender, and participant gender on judgements toward a 15-year-old male victim of a depicted sexual assault. One hundred and eight-eight participants (97 male, 91 female) read a hypothetical scenario depicting the sexual assault of a 15-year-old male victim where the victim's sexual orientation and the perpetrator's gender were varied between subjects. Participants then completed a questionnaire assessing their attributions toward both the victim and the perpetrator. Results revealed that male participants blamed the victim more than female participants when the victim was both gay and attacked by a male perpetrator. All participants, regardless of gender, made more positive judgements toward the female as opposed to male perpetrator. Results are discussed in relation to gender role stereotypes and homophobia. 相似文献