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211.
The ability to perceive biological motion (BM) has been demonstrated in a number of species including humans but the few studies
of non-human primates have been relatively inconclusive. We investigated whether common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) are able to perceive biological motion, using a novel method to test non-human primates. Marmosets (7 male and 7 female)
were trained to remove a cover from a container and look inside it, revealing a computer screen. Then they were presented
with images on this computer screen consisting of a novel BM pattern (a walking hen) and 4 manipulations of that pattern (a
static frame of this pattern and inverted, scrambled, and rotating versions of the pattern). The behavioural responses of
the marmosets were recorded and used to assess discrimination between stimuli. BM was attended to by females but not males,
as shown by active inspection behaviour, mainly movement of the head towards the stimulus. Females paid significantly less
attention to all of the other stimuli. This indicates the females’ ability to attend to biological motion. Females showed
slightly more attention to the inverted BM than to the static, scrambled, and rotating patterns. The males were less attentive
to all of the stimuli than were the females and, unlike the females, responded to all stimuli in a similar manner. This sex
difference could be due to an inability of males to recognise BM altogether or to a lesser amount of curiosity. Considered
together with the findings of previous studies on chicks and humans, the results of the present study support the notion of
a common mechanism across species for the detection of BM. 相似文献
212.
213.
Sarah DeArmond Mary Tye Peter Y. Chen Autumn Krauss D. Apryl Rogers Emily Sintek 《Journal of applied social psychology》2006,36(9):2184-2214
The current research investigated age and gender stereotypes in relation to adaptive performance. Using methods similar to those used in Schein's studies (1973, 1975) , 496 undergraduate students rated 1 of 7 targets on 6 dimensions of adaptive performance. All of the targets varied in age (25, 40, or 55 years) and gender, except one that was age and gender neutral. The 7th served as a reference group and was an age- and gender-neutral target. Results showed that older targets were perceived as less adaptable across most of the dimensions of adaptability. Further, men and women were perceived differently, but differences were consistent with many prevalent gender stereotypes. Finally, female participants tended to rate all targets more favorably than male participants. Implications for human resources management and future research on stereotypes at work are discussed. 相似文献
214.
Myriam Forster Laurel Davis Timothy J. Grigsby Christopher J. Rogers Steven F. Vetrone Jennifer B. Unger 《American journal of community psychology》2019,64(1-2):191-202
Suicide is a leading cause of death among young adults; however, contextual risks and cultural factors are rarely studied in the context of ethnic minority suicidal ideation (SI) and suicidal attempt (SA). This study assessed the association between familial incarceration and suicide behaviors and examined ethnic identity as a potential moderator. Data from a longitudinal study of health among Hispanics (n = 1,094) in California were used to test associations between familial incarceration, ethnic identity, and SA and SI, adjusting for demographic factors and covariates. Approximately 18% and 8% of respondents reported SI and SA, respectively. Compared to no incarceration, or the incarceration of a relative, parental incarceration was associated with higher odds (AOR: 2.09, 95% CI: 1.23–3.34) of SI whereas higher affective ethnic identity reduced the odds (AOR: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.31–0.89) of SA. Ethnic identity moderated the association between parental incarceration and SI (AOR: 0.33, 95% CI: 0.13–0.79). Incarceration of a family member can set the stage for exclusion from critical institutions and can have long‐term consequences for adult mental health. Promoting a positive ethnic identity may be a promising prevention strategy that could bolster resilience among at‐risk, urban minority youth. 相似文献
215.
Practitioners and researchers have long been challenged with identifying deceptive response styles in forensic contexts, particularly when differentiating malingering from factitious presentations. The origins and the development of factitious disorders as a diagnostic classification are discussed, as well as the many challenges and limitations present with the current diagnostic conceptualization. As an alternative to a formal diagnosis, forensic practitioners may choose to consider most factitious psychological presentations (FPPs) as a dimensional construct that are classified like malingering as a V code. Building on Rogers' central motivations for malingering, the current article provides four explanatory models for FPPs; three of these parallel malingering (pathogenic, criminological, and adaptational) but differ in their central features. In addition, the nurturance model stresses how patients with FPPs attempt to use their relationship with treating professionals to fulfill their unmet psychological needs. Relying on these models, practical guidelines are recommended for evaluating FPPs in a forensic context. 相似文献
216.
Katherine L. Milkman Todd Rogers Max H. Bazerman 《Perspectives on Psychological Science》2008,3(4):324-338
ABSTRACT— Although observers of human behavior have long been aware that people regularly struggle with internal conflict when deciding whether to behave responsibly or indulge in impulsivity, psychologists and economists did not begin to empirically investigate this type of want/should conflict until recently. In this article, we review and synthesize the latest research on want/should conflict, focusing our attention on the findings from an empirical literature on the topic that has blossomed over the last 15 years. We then turn to a discussion of how individuals and policy makers can use what has been learned about want/should conflict to help decision makers select far-sighted options. 相似文献
217.
We compared the mobbing response to model snakes of two groups of captive-born common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) differing in genetic relatedness, age and past experience. Mobbing vocalisations (tsik calls), other mobbing behaviour and
attention to the stimulus were recorded for 2 min. intervals pre-exposure, during exposure to various stimuli and post-exposure.
Marmosets in one group were vocally reactive to all stimuli, although more so to one particular stimulus resembling rearing
snakes and modified images of it, whereas the marmosets in a younger and genetically unrelated group attended to the stimuli
but made very few mobbing calls. The parent stock of the first group had suffered stress in early life and had developed a
phobic response to a specific stimulus, which they had transmitted to their offspring. A third group, matching the older group
in age range but genetically unrelated, was also found to be unresponsive to the stimulus that elicited the strongest response
in the first group. Cortisol levels in samples of hair were assayed and a significant negative correlation was found between
the number of tsik calls made during presentation of the stimuli and the cortisol level, showing that mobbing behaviour/behavioural
reactivity is associated with low levels of physiological stress. 相似文献
218.
Steven A. Rogers H. Newton Malony Esther M. Coleman Leslie Tepper 《Journal of religion and health》2002,41(2):167-178
Despite the increased attention given to the religious experiences of those with mental illness, the specific nature of the changes in religious attitudes that occur within this population remain yet unknown. In this study, 406 individuals with persistent mental illness who attended one of 13 Los Angeles County Mental Health facilities completed a demographic questionnaire, an adapted version of the Religious Coping Index, and the Symptom Checklist 90-R. Over 54% of the participants reported a change in their religious beliefs such that their faith became stronger or weaker as a result, and 66% perceived these changes to be positive in nature. Qualitative codings suggest that a constructive or destructive use of religion and the quality of one's self-image and relationship with God are the primary themes underlying these changes. Those changes that were predominantly positive were associated with less severe symptomatology and more religious coping when compared to predominantly negative changes. These findings suggest that religious attitudes may be an ongoing and dynamic part of the experience of mental illness that should be considered in the treatment and research afforded by mental health professionals. 相似文献
219.
Psychology and Aging: Enhancing the Lives of an Aging Population 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
A pressing need for upcoming decades is ensuring that older adults, who constitute an increasing percentage of the population, are able to function independently and maintain an acceptable quality of life. One important concern is the usability of new technologies. Unfortunately, the science that could direct proper design and implementation of current and future technological advancement is underdeveloped and less mature than the engineering that supports technological advancement. We review data documenting age-related usability issues and how psychological science can remedy such problems. We also outline how training principles can be applied to older adults. We conclude that psychological science has much to contribute to the goal of enhancing the lives of older adults. 相似文献
220.
In this paper, we review Icarus, a cognitive architecture that utilizes hierarchical skills and concepts for reactive execution in physical environments. In addition, we present two extensions to the framework. The first involves the incorporation of means-ends analysis, which lets the system compose known skills to solve novel problems. The second involves the storage of new skills that are based on successful means-ends traces. We report experimental studies of these mechanisms on three distinct domains. Our results suggest that the two methods interact to acquire useful skill hierarchies that generalize well and that reduce the effort required to handle new tasks. We conclude with a discussion of related work on learning and prospects for additional research, including extending the framework to cover developmental phenomena. 相似文献