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981.
The expected consequences of behavior are basic to many modern theories of behavior and to programs designed to influence behavior. In this research, 52 consequences expected from smoking cigarettes were measured in a panel study of 1,406 adolescents. Six factors were identified through factor analysis of these consequences. Multivariate analyses generally indicated that the negative physical/social factor predicted the initiation of smoking and the pleasure factor predicted smoking initiation and increased smoking among those who were smokers at the beginning of study. The other factors-positive peer relationships, negative peer relationships, habit, and health-were either unrelated to subsequent smoking behavior or inconsistently related across the multiple measures of behavior. The research is considered in the context of theory, methods, and programs related to adolescent cigarette smoking. 相似文献
982.
A method is developed for determining the absolute and relative strengths of qualitative preference axioms in normative Bayesian decision theory. These strengths are calculated for the three most common qualitative axioms; transitivity, the sure-thing principle, and dominance. The relative strength of the latter two axioms with respect to transitivity is calculated for special cases, and a bound is derived which is applicable to a larger class of decision problems. Possible implications of this theoretical work for decision heuristics are discussed. 相似文献
983.
The detection of malingering in the legal context frequently requires the use of psychiatric and psychological expert testimony. These experts may rely on certain clinical techniques in order to detect deception. This article addresses the problem of the admissibility in evidence of clinical procedures used by these experts. The scientific reliability and effect on constitutional rights of procedures such as hypnosis, polygraphy, “truth” drugs, and psychological tests is examined. 相似文献
984.
985.
986.
Summary Habituation is a type of learning that reflects changing responsiveness to repeated information. In two longitudinal studies, we examined individual differences, stability, and developmental change in the ontogeny of visual habituation in human infants across the middle of the first year of life. To study this phenomenon in breadth, we tested infants from two social classes within the same culture and infants from two different cultures. Infants demonstrated significant, but comparable, individual differences in habituation across socioeconomic and cultural variations in rearing circumstances; they showed significant, if moderate, stability in habituation; and they habituated significantly more quickly with age. These results are interpreted in terms of developing human beings' increasing efficiency in processing visual information near the beginning of extrauterine life. 相似文献
987.
David J. Oborne Andrew M. Colman Graham Davies Terry Kellard Peter B. Smith Robert J. Edelmann Manfred Bornewasser Irving Kirsh Linda Viney Andrée Liddel William B. Stiles Lee Ellis David Briggs Roger M. Tarpy Robert B. Everhart Michael L. Penn Elaine Hack 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》1989,8(2):155-176
988.
GENERALIZATION AND MAINTENANCE OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN'S SOCIAL SKILLS: A CRITICAL REVIEW AND ANALYSIS
Lynette K. Chandler Roger C. Lubeck Susan A. Fowler 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1992,25(2):415-428
This paper summarizes the results of a retrospective review of generalization in the context of social skills research with preschool children. A review of studies from 22 journals (1976 to 1990) that assessed generalization as part of social interaction research provided information concerning the prevalence of studies that have assessed generalization, common practices concerning the production and assessment of generalization, and the overall success of obtaining generalization and maintenance of social behaviors. A comparison of the most and least successful studies, with respect to generalization, revealed some differences concerning the practices employed by studies within each group. Differences differentially related to the production of generalization are discussed and recommendations are provided to guide and support future research efforts. 相似文献
989.
Primary care is the first contact with the health service for patients and is thus the meeting point for people with different perspectives on emotional and psychological issues. The counselling model needs to examine the moral problems posed by these difficulties, and its own differences from the standard health care model, where cure and symptomatic relief rather than personal growth may be the aim. Key situations and relationships are examined against a background of accepted ethical principles (respect for autonomy, the duty to care, minimising harm, and being fair) from the viewpoint of all involved in the encounter, with particular reference to conflicts, responsibilities, confidentiality, and methods of referral and joint working. 相似文献
990.