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941.
Martínez-Martí ML Avia MD Hernández-Lloreda MJ 《The Spanish journal of psychology》2010,13(2):886-896
This study examined a gratitude intervention repeating Emmons and McCullough study (2003) in a Spanish sample, Participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions (gratitude, hassles and any event) and kept daily records during 2 weeks of gratitude, affect, quality of relationships, physical and subjective well-being. We added design features to assess the intervention long-term impact (follow-up measures), and to improve the design control (pre-treatment measures). Following the cited authors' analysis, i.e., comparing groups only in the post-test, we replicated their results, finding differences in positive affect and gratitude between the gratitude condition and the hassles condition. However, when including both the pre and the follow-up measures in the analysis, results were replicated only partially, as the difference in gratitude disappeared. Moreover, the difference in positive affect between groups in the post-test seemed to be influenced mainly by a decrease in positive affect in the hassles group. Post-test differences between groups in positive affect disappeared in the follow-up. Gratitude interventions may have an effect on well-being, but we consider other methods to promote gratitude besides gratitude journals should be tested. 相似文献
942.
Luisa María Gil-Martín Enrique Hernández-Montes Armando Segura-Naya 《Science and engineering ethics》2010,16(2):409-413
A course in professional ethics for civil engineers was taught for the first time in Spain during the academic year 2007/08.
In this paper a survey on the satisfaction and expectation of the course is presented. Surprisingly the students sought moral
and ethical principles for their own ordinary lives as well as for their profession. Students were concerned about the law,
but in their actions they were more concerned with their conscience, aware that it can be separate from the law. 相似文献
943.
Yanil Hepp Luis María Pérez-Cuesta Héctor Maldonado María Eugenia Pedreira 《Animal cognition》2010,13(3):391-403
A decline in the frequency or intensity of a conditioned behavior following the withdrawal of the reinforcement is called
experimental extinction. However, the experimental manipulation necessary to trigger memory reconsolidation or extinction
is to expose the animal to the conditioned stimulus in the absence of reinforcement. Recovery protocols were used to reveal
which of these two processes was developed. By using the crab contextual memory model (a visual danger stimulus associated
with the training context), we investigated the dynamics of extinction memory in Chasmagnathus. Here, we reveal the presence of three recovery protocols that restore the original memory: the old memory comes back 4 days
after the extinction training, or when a weak training is administered later, or once the VDS is presented in a novel context
24 h after the extinction session. Another objective was to evaluate whether the administration of multi-trial extinction
training could trigger an extinction memory in Chasmagnathus. The results evince that the extinction memory appears only when the total re-exposure time is around 90 min independently
of the number of trials employed to accumulate it. Thus, it is feasible that the mechanisms described for the case of the
extinction memory acquired through a single training trial are valid for multi-trial extinction protocols. Finally, these
results are in agreement with those reports obtained with models phylogenetically far apart from the crab. Behind this attempt
is the idea that in the domain of studies on memory, some principles of behavior organization and basic mechanisms have universal
validity. 相似文献
944.
Animal innovations have far-reaching ecological and evolutionary consequences. The occurrence and persistence of an innovation
require several processes, including exploration, social and asocial learning, and low neophobia. In addition, the identity
of the innovator may determine how these new behaviours are socially transmitted. Taking into account inter-individual and
age differences, we investigated three correlates of animal innovation: object exploration, neophobia level and novel problem-solving
ability in an opportunistic generalist raptor, the Chimango Caracara (Milvago chimango). Eighteen individuals (7 adults and 11 juveniles) were caught during the non-breeding period and housed in individual cages
in outdoor aviaries. Each bird was given three tests: exploration, neophobia and problem-solving. Individuals differed in
their response to novel situations both within and between age groups. Most of the juveniles were more explorative and had
a lower neophobic response to a strange object than adult birds, but both age groups were able to solve a novel problem when
given a food reward. In juveniles, neophobia level and problem-solving performance were inversely related; however, we found
no relationship between these behaviours in adults. Exploration did not correlate with neophobia or problem-solving ability
for either age group. This research is one of the few studies exploring the inter-individual and age differences in behavioural
innovation and their correlates in a bird of prey. The explorative tendency, low neophobia and ability to innovate showed
by M. chimango may be advantageous for this generalist and opportunistic raptor and might be some of the factors underlying its ecological
success. 相似文献
945.
Mirtes Garcia Pereira Letícia de Oliveira Fátima Smith Erthal Mateus Joffily Izabela F. Mocaiber Eliane Volchan Luiz Pessoa 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2010,10(1):94-106
Affective pictures drive the activity of brain networks and impact behavior. We showed previously that viewing unpleasant
pictures interfered in the performance of a basic nonemotional visual detection task. In the present study, we employed functional
magnetic resonance imaging to test the hypothesis that behavioral interference may result from the interaction between negatively
valenced and motor-related signals in the brain. As in our previous study (Pereira et al., 2006), participants performed a
simple target detection task that followed the presentation of unpleasant or neutral pictures. Our results revealed that an
unpleasant emotional context modulated evoked responses in several regions engaged by the simple target detection task. In
particular, the midcingulate cortex was recruited when participants performed target detection trials during the unpleasant
context, and signal responses in this region closely mirrored the pattern of behavioral interference (as revealed via reaction
time). Our findings suggest that the midcingulate cortex may be an important site for the interaction between negatively valenced
signals and motor signals in the brain and that it may be involved in the implementation of defensive responses, such as freezing. 相似文献
946.
António L. Palmeira Teresa L. Branco Sandra C. Martins Cláudia S. Minderico Marlene N. Silva Paulo N. Vieira José T. Barata Sidónio O. Serpa Luís B. Sardinha Pedro J. Teixeira 《Body image》2010,7(3):187-193
This study reports on outcomes from a behavioral obesity treatment program, evaluating if treatment-related changes in body image and psychological well-being are predictors of weight change during treatment and after follow-up. Participants were 142 overweight/obese women (BMI = 30.2 ± 3.7 kg/m2; age = 38.3 ± 5.8 years) participants in a behavioral treatment program consisting of a 4-month treatment period and a 12-month follow-up. Psychosocial variables improved during treatment and these changes were correlated with 4-month weight reduction. Short-term changes in body size dissatisfaction (p = .002) and mood (p = .003) predicted long-term weight loss. Additional results suggest that there might be a predictive role of short-term changes in body size dissatisfaction and self-esteem on long-term weight loss after accounting for initial weight change (p < .028). We conclude that, along with weight changes, cognitive and affect-related processes influenced during obesity treatment may be related long-term success, in some cases independently of initial weight loss. 相似文献
947.
Stphanie Demoulin Jacques‐Philippe Leyens Ramn Rodríguez‐Torres Armando Rodríguez‐Prez Paola Maria Paladino Susan T. Fiske 《International journal of psychology》2005,40(6):416-428
Social motivation has been shown to influence various cognitive processes. In the present paper, it is verified that people are motivated to view out‐groups as possessing a lesser degree of humanity than the in‐group (Leyens et al., 2000 ) and that this motivation influences logical processing in the Wason selection task. So far, studies on infra‐humanization have been shown to influence attribution of uniquely human characteristics to groups. Most of these studies focused on the attribution of secondary emotions. Results have shown that secondary emotions are preferentially attributed to in‐group members (Leyens et al., 2001 ). Also, people tend to react differently to in‐group and out‐group members displaying secondary emotions (Gaunt, Leyens, & Sindic, 2004 ; Vaes, Paladino, Castelli, Leyens, & Giovanazzi, 2003 ). In the present paper, it is argued that infra‐humanization is a two‐direction bias and that it does influence logical processing among perceivers. Specifically, infra‐humanization motivation impacts logical processing in two different directions. First, most motivation is spent to reach the desirable conclusion that the in‐group is uniquely human. Second, least motivation occurs to support the undesirable conclusion that the out‐group is uniquely human. These hypotheses are tested in four cross‐cultural studies that varied the status and the conflicting relations between groups. Results were in line with the predictions and further confirmed that infra‐humanization biases can be obtained independently of status and conflict (but see Cortes, Demoulin, Leyens, & de Renesse, 2005 ). The discussion relates these findings with in‐group favouritism and out‐group derogation (Brewer, 1999 ) and underlines the importance of infra‐humanization in counteracting system justification biases (Jost & Banaji, 1994 ). 相似文献
948.
Ramn Rodríguez‐Torres Jacques Philippe Leyens Armando Rodríguez Prez Vernica Betancor Rodriguez María N. Quiles del Castillo Stphanie Demoulin Brezo Corts 《International journal of psychology》2005,40(2):100-107
In line with the psychological essentialism perspective, Leyens et al. ( 13 2000) have hypothesized that people attribute different essences to groups and that they attribute more uniquely human characteristics to their own group than to out‐groups. Leyens et al. have focused on two types of emotions, which in Roman languages have specific labels, such as sentimientos and emociones in Spanish. A cross‐cultural study showed that sentimientos (or secondary emotions) are considered uniquely human emotions whereas emociones (or primary emotions) are perceived as nonuniquely human emotions. The present study focuses on whether this categorization into primary and secondary emotions is a spontaneous distinction that people use in their everyday lives, or whether, on the contrary, it is the result of experimental demands. The paradigm “Who says what to whom” was used to test this question. Geometrical shapes of different colours were systematically associated with different stimuli that varied in meaningfulness. In a first condition, shapes were associated with small or large items of furniture (meaningful categories) and with primary and secondary emotions. In a second condition, the items of furniture were replaced by words ending with a vowel or a consonant (meaningless categories). Subsequently, participants had to recognize which shape was associated with each stimulus. Intra‐category errors were significantly more numerous than inter‐category errors, except for the words ending with a vowel or a consonant. Stated otherwise, types of emotions were recognized like the meaningful difference between items of furniture. These results show that the distinction between primary and secondary emotions is an implicit one that people use spontaneously, and not as a result of task demands. The findings are discussed from the perspective of psychological essentialism and inter‐group relations. 相似文献
949.
A. Bernal Martínez de Soria 《Studies in Philosophy and Education》2006,25(1-2):47-60
It would be possible to be affirmed that the most of the educational goals that modernity assumes, they settled down from
the Renaissance. The postmodern age, in its critic to the modern period, demands the recovery of some losses. At the time
of fast changes as it happens in the Renaissance, the Humanism originates a fruitful debate. According to the authors protagonists,
the controversy became a dialogue plenty of common questions to which we find in the contemporary discussion. The reflection
on the thought of one of the most representative and well-known authors, Comenio, it serves to think on the encounter of traditions
in Philosophy of Education. He is a thinker who supplies the basis for his educational practice on a Philosophy of education
and projects a reform to confront some problems that in the essential are repeated today.
相似文献
950.
Agustín Vicente 《国际科学哲学研究》2006,20(2):149-171
According to an increasing number of authors, the best, if not the only, argument in favour of physicalism is the so‐called ‘overdetermination argument’. This argument, if sound, establishes that all the entities that enter into causal interactions with the physical world are physical. One key premise in the overdetermination argument is the principle of the causal closure of the physical world, said to be supported by contemporary physics. In this paper, I examine various ways in which physics may support the principle, either as a methodological guide or as depending on some other laws and principles of physics. 相似文献