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121.
Rob W. Holland Henk Aarts Daan Langendam 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2006,42(6):776-783
Previous research has shown that implementation intentions are effective tools to promote new behavior. The present study aimed to provide the first evidence that conscious planning is an effective tool in replacing well-learned habits with new habits. This was tested in a field-experiment on repetitive behavior in the domain of recycling, using 109 employees of a tele-company as participants. Recycling behavior of the participants was observed by the actual amount of paper and the number of plastic cups in their personal wastebaskets. Following a pre-measure, participants were assigned to either implementation intention conditions, conditions in which an eye-catching facility was placed to promote recycling behavior, or control conditions. Recycling behavior was substantially improved in the facility as well as the implementation intention conditions in week 1 and week 2 and still 2 months after the manipulation. These data supported our hypothesis that planning breaks down unwanted habits and creates new ones. 相似文献
122.
Holland PC Sherwood A 《Journal of experimental psychology. Animal behavior processes》2008,34(3):324-335
Considerable evidence indicates that associations may be formed between two events even when one or both of them is absent at the time of learning. Previously, some researchers asserted that excitatory associations are formed when associatively activated representations for two events are paired, whereas others claimed that inhibitory associations are formed. In three experiments, the authors investigated the nature of tone-sucrose learning when associatively activated representations of those events were paired in the absence of either of the events themselves. Experiment 1 found substantial excitatory learning when the tone surrogate preceded the sucrose surrogate in training. Experiment 2 evaluated other accounts for the results of Experiment 1, and Experiment 3 found evidence for inhibitory tone-sucrose learning when the tone and sucrose surrogates were presented in simultaneous or backward order. The results indicated that the nature of representation-mediated learning is influenced by some of the same variables as more standard associative learning. 相似文献
123.
In two studies, the regulatory function of approach-avoidance cues in activating cognitive control processes was investigated. It was hypothesized that avoidance motor actions, relative to approach motor actions, increase the recruitment of cognitive resources, resulting in better performance on tasks that draw on these capacities. In Study 1, error rates on a verbal response mode version of the Stroop task were analyzed. On inconsistent Stroop trials, participants in the avoidance condition made significantly fewer errors than those in the approach condition. In Study 2, performance differences on a task switching paradigm were investigated. Crucially, approach and avoidance motor actions were manipulated within-subjects by alternating between approach and avoidance motor actions on 4 blocks of trials. Temporal switching costs were significantly lower while performing an avoidance, compared to an approach motor action. These results support our hypothesis that avoidance cues, relative to approach cues, lead to improved performance on cognitive control tasks. 相似文献
124.
Harm Veling Rob W. Holland Ad van Knippenberg 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2008,44(4):1013-1019
In the present article a theory is outlined that explains why and when behavioral inhibition alters stimulus evaluations. In addition, some initial evidence is presented that supports the theory. Specifically, results of three experiments show that refraining from responding to stimuli results in devaluation of these stimuli, but only when these stimuli are positive. These findings suggest automatic behavior-regulation, in terms of devaluation of positive stimuli, in situations in which environmental cues triggering approach (because of the positive valence of the stimulus) run counter to situational demands (cues that elicit behavioral inhibition). Relations of the present research to self-perception, cognitive dissonance, and psychological reactance are discussed. 相似文献
125.
Researchers have suggested that there is a noun bias in children's early vocabularies brought about by features of adults' child-directed utterances, which may vary across languages (E. V. Bates et al., 1994; D. Gentner, 1982). In the present study, the authors explored noun bias in 60 Filipino-English bilingual children whose 2 languages differed in how they emphasized nouns and verbs in typical syntactic forms. The results revealed a noun bias, but only in the bilingual children's English vocabulary. The noun bias in English was associated with the frequency of nouns in the caregivers' utterances and the proportion of nouns in the initial positions of the caregivers' utterances. The authors also found different associations between salient positions in the adult utterances and children's vocabularies in English and Filipino. 相似文献
126.
Rochelle S. Newman 《Current directions in psychological science》2008,17(3):229-232
ABSTRACT— This article summarizes recent findings on infant word learning and recognition. Infants initially store very detailed representations of words, including details that are not truly necessary for word recognition. As they are exposed to more varied productions of words, they develop more sophisticated knowledge about which details are important, and streamline their representations, allowing them to better recognize words across different contexts, speakers, and environments. 相似文献
127.
128.
Erik Holland 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2009,16(3):613-615
The traditional morphometrics approach to shape comparisons involves computing multiple interlandmark distances without taking
into account the geometric configuration of the landmarks. A recent example of this approach is a study by Potter and Corneille
(2008). They had participants rate the attractiveness of computer-generated European, African, and Asian male faces, and they
computed the Euclidean distances between each face and the group prototypes. They found that faces are rated more attractive
when they are closer to their group prototype. This letter addresses differing conclusions in the literature, the methodological
shortcomings of Potter and Corneille, and another study that explored a similar topic, with a special focus on guiding future
researchers around the pitfalls of traditional morphometrics. 相似文献
129.
Bas Verplanken David Trafimow Irina K. Khusid Rob W. Holland Gabi M. Steentjes 《European journal of social psychology》2009,39(6):909-919
Three experiments demonstrated structural properties and dynamic effects of self‐construal on the processing and use of values. In Study 1, it was found that self‐focus during encoding caused spontaneous cognitive clustering of individualistic versus relational values. Study 2 demonstrated that self‐construal affected the implicit weight of a value‐related attribute in a multi‐attribute choice task. In Study 3, behavioral intentions were better predicted by personal values than social norms when the personal self was primed, whereas social norms predicted better when the collective self was primed. The effects of manipulated self‐construal were mimicked when comparing participants with an individualistic versus collectivistic cultural background. No interaction was found between priming and cultural background. Taken together, the studies demonstrated that different domains of the self are associated with different values, which may instigate different cognitive and behavioral processes when activated. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
130.
Self-kindness when facing stress: The role of self-compassion,goal regulation,and support in college students’ well-being 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Michelle E. Neely Diane L. Schallert Sarojanni S. Mohammed Rochelle M. Roberts Yu-Jung Chen 《Motivation and emotion》2009,33(1):88-97
This project brought together the constructs of goal and emotion regulation as a way of understanding college students’ well-being,
building on previous work that identified the ability to disengage in goal pursuit and to redirect energy toward alternative
goals as an important contributor to well-being. In Study 1, we assessed the amount of variance in well-being accounted for
by measures of goal management, adding to the regression measures of student stress and self-compassion, the latter defined
as a healthy form of self-acceptance and characterized as a tendency to treat oneself kindly in the face of perceived inadequacy.
In Study 2, the stress scale was replaced by measures of perceived need and availability of support. Across studies, although
factors such as goal management, stress, and need for and availability of support were important predictors of well-being,
self-compassion accounted for a significant amount of additional variance in well-being. 相似文献