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181.
182.
A case is reported of an associative visual agnosic patient who could not draw from memory objects he could recognize, even though he could copy drawings flawlessly. His ability to generate mental visual images was found to be spared, as was his ability to operate upon mental images. These data suggest that the patient could generate mental images but could not draw from memory because he did not have access to stored knowledge about pictorial attributes of objects. A similar functional impairment can be found in some other visual agnosic patients and in patients affected by optic aphasia. The present case allows a discussion of relationships among drawing from memory, imagery, and copying procedures. 相似文献
183.
184.
C. Neil Macrae Galen V. Bodenhausen Alan B. Milne Luigi Castelli 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》1999,18(1):47-70
A pervasive problem in mental life is that of exemplar selectivity or how one isolates specific category members from other
instances of a class. This problem is particupared pronounced in person perception, where perceivers may routinely want to
personalize selected individuals while continuing to respond towards other members of the category in a stereotype-based manner.
To realize these flexible effects, we hypothesized that, when perceivers encounter a group member, they inevitably encode
an exemplar-based representation of the individual in mind. Part of this representation, moreover, is information signaling
the person's goodness-of-Fit with respect to his or her salient group memberships. When the representation is activated on
a subsequent occasion, these inferences of category fit moderate the extent of stereotypical thinking. The results of two
studies provided converging evidence for this analysis of stereotype function. Exemplar typicality moderated both the accessibility
of Stereotypic knowledge (Study 1) anxd the extent to which perceivers used a stereotype to organize information about a target
(Study 2). We consider the theoretical and practical implications of these findings for our understanding of the role of stereotypes
in person perception. 相似文献
185.
The present research argues that intergroup categorization has immediate behavioral consequences. Specifically, intergroup categorization is hypothesized to prepare the organism to respond differently to ingroup and outgroup members so that approach-like motor movements should be faster toward ingroup- versus outgroup-related stimuli. In contrast, avoidance-like behavior should be facilitated when reacting to outgroup versus ingroup members. Studies 1 and 2 test the basic hypothesis in relation to ethnic, national, age, and political categorization. Study 3 uses a minimal group paradigm to test the hypothesis in relation to newly formed groups. Across these experiments, participants were generally faster in performing approach-like motor movements toward ingroup members or avoidance behaviors toward outgroup members. The evolutionary function and the cognitive underpinnings of this state of "physical readiness" to approach ingroup and avoid outgroup members are discussed. 相似文献
186.
White children show marked ingroup race preferences and a relative devaluation of Black people. The origin of these early interracial attitudes is to a large extent still unclear. The studies here test the possibility that preschool-aged children are particularly sensitive to the nonverbal behaviors performed by White adults during interracial interactions. In Study 1, children were shown a video displaying an interaction between a White and a Black adult. Across conditions, the White adult's verbal behaviors were either friendly or neutral, whereas his nonverbal behaviors showed either easiness (e.g., closeness, high eye contact) or uneasiness (e.g., distance, avoidance of eye contact). Results revealed that participants shaped their attitudes toward the Black target accordingly, independently from the White adults' verbal behaviors. Study 2 replicated the basic findings and demonstrated that the observed effects generalized to other Black targets. Results are discussed in relation to current approaches to understanding the formation of racial attitudes among children. 相似文献
187.
It has recently been suggested that the concept of Functional Impulsivity bears some similarity to the sensitivity of the Behavioral Activation System (BAS; Smillie & Jackson, 2006). In the present research we take a closer look at this idea, testing more specific hypotheses on the associations of different BAS-related components with Functional and Dysfunctional Impulsivity. Analyzing a sample of 719, we found that the Drive component was uniquely connected with Functional Impulsivity, and Fun Seeking was linked to both impulsivities, but more weakly so to Functional Impulsivity compared with Drive. Reward Responsiveness was unrelated to Impulsivity. Implications for the conceptualization of Functional Impulsivity and for a complex view of BAS-related functions are addressed. 相似文献
188.
Stimuli simulating a corridor with a pole inside it were presented. The positions of the ends of the pole within the ceiling and ground of the corridor were the optical contacts of concern. The main hypothesis was that a difference between the simulated distances of these optical contacts may influence the apparent slant in depth of the pole. Two experiments were conducted, with 30 and 20 participants (university students). The tasks were a choice between three alternative responses (upward, downward, or no apparent slant) in the first experiment and matching by adjustment in the second. The results supported the hypothesized dependence of apparent slant on differences in optical contacts. The results also revealed a dependence of apparent slant on the interaction between the optical tilt of the pole and its position to the right or left of the vertical median through the stimulus. Comparisons between both effects showed that they combine in a cumulative way and that the former is weightier than the latter. Further findings were a privileged association between null optical tilt of the pole and the no apparent slant response and a bias (for poles with nonnull optical tilt) in favor of the upward apparent slant response. 相似文献
189.
The ability of apraxic patients to perform gestures in everyday life is a controversial issue. In this paper, we aimed to evaluate the automatic/voluntary dissociation (AVD) in four patients affected by clinically relevant limb apraxia. For this purpose, we sampled different kinds of gestures belonging to patients' motor repertoire and then assessed their production in a testing session. Our experimental procedure consisted of two steps: in the first phase, we recorded gestures produced by patients in two natural conditions; in the second phase, we assessed production of correctly produced tool-actions, and of spontaneous non tool-actions and meaningless conversational (cohesive and beats) gestures under different modalities. AVD was observed for all types of gestures, albeit to different degree in single patients. The present findings demonstrate that the context provides strong bottom-up cues for the retrieval of motor patterns, while artificial testing conditions impose an additional cognitive load. 相似文献
190.
Hierarchical Classes Modeling of Rating Data 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Hierarchical classes (HICLAS) models constitute a distinct family of structural models for N-way N-mode data. All members of the family include N simultaneous and linked classifications of the elements of the N modes implied by the data; those classifications are organized in terms of hierarchical, if–then-type relations. Moreover,
the models are accompanied by comprehensive, insightful graphical representations. Up to now, the hierarchical classes family
has been limited to dichotomous or dichotomized data. In the present paper we propose a novel extension of the family to two-way
two-mode rating data (HICLAS-R). The HICLAS-R model preserves the representation of simultaneous and linked classifications
as well as of generalized if–then-type relations, and keeps being accompanied by a comprehensive graphical representation.
It is shown to bear interesting relationships with classical real-valued two-way component analysis and with methods of optimal
scaling.
The research reported in this paper was supported by the Research Fund of the University of Leuven (GOA/00/02 and GOA/05/04)
and by the Fund for Scientific Research-Flanders (project G.0146.06). Eva Ceulemans is a Post-doctoral Researcher supported
by the Fund for Scientific Research, Flanders. The authors gratefully acknowledge the help of Gert Quintiens and Kaatje Bollaerts
in collecting the data used in Section 4 and of Jan Schepers in additional analyses of these data. 相似文献