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171.
Enzo Grossi Giorgio Tavano Blessi Pier Luigi Sacco Massimo Buscema 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2012,13(1):129-148
The purpose of this study is to understand the impact of health status and cultural participation upon psychological well-being,
with special attention to the interaction between patterns of cultural access and other factors known to affect psychological
well-being. Data for this report were collected from a sample of 1,500 Italian citizens. A multi-step random sampling method
was adopted to draw a large representative sample from the Italian population. Subjects underwent a standard questionnaire
for psychological well-being [the Italian short form of the Psychological General Well Being Index (PGWBI)], and a questionnaire
related to the frequency of participation to 15 different kinds of cultural activities during the previous year. The results
show that, among the various potential factors considered, cultural access unexpectedly rankes as the second most important
determinant of psychological well-being, immediately after the absence or presence of diseases, and outperforming factors
such as job, age, income, civil status, education, place of living and other important factors. According to a semantic map
generated by a powerful data mining algorithm, it turns out that different factors (among which cultural access and health
status in particular) may be viewed as concurrent elements of a complex multi-causal scheme that seems to play a primary role
in determining psychological distress or well-being. In particular, distress seems to be tightly connected with: living in
the Southern part of Italy, average income level, living in semi-urban and urban areas, age group 46–60, presence of more
than two concomitant diseases and a low level of cultural access. Well being, on the other hand, is tightly connected with:
male gender, high cultural access, and absence of diseases. Some of these associations are confirmed by Principal Component
Analysis. 相似文献
172.
Galfano G Dalmaso M Marzoli D Pavan G Coricelli C Castelli L 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2012,65(10):1895-1910
Recent studies have tried to shed light on the automaticity of attentional shifts triggered by gaze and arrows with mixed results. In the present research, we aimed at testing a strong definition of resistance to suppression for orienting of attention elicited by these two cues. In five experiments, participants were informed with 100% certainty about the future location of a target they had to react to by presentation of either a direction word at the beginning of each trial or instructions at the beginning of each block. Gaze and arrows were presented before the target as uninformative distractors irrelevant for the task. The results showed similar patterns for gaze and arrows-namely, an interference effect when the distractors were incongruent with the upcoming target location. This suggests that the orienting of attention mediated by gaze and arrows can be considered as strongly automatic. 相似文献
173.
Dellantonio S Innamorati M Pastore L 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2012,46(2):172-195
This study examines whether the categories animate/inanimate might be formed on the basis of information available to the cognitive system. We suggest that the discrimination of percepts
according to these categories relies on proprioceptive information, which allows the perceiving subject to know that he is
‘animate’. Since other ‘objects’ in the world exhibit movements, reactions, etc. similar to those that the subject experiences
himself, he can ‘project’ his knowledge onto these objects and recognize them as ‘animate’ like himself. On this basis we try to corroborate the empricist position in the debate concerning the organization of knowledge
as opposed to the nativist view. Furthermore, we argue that the categorical dichotomy animate/inanimate is more basic than other analogous ones such as living/non-living, biological/non-biological and we sketch a ‘categorical stratification’ following the line ‘humans–animals–plants’ based on the hypothesis that humans
detect different degrees of ‘vitality’ according to the degree of similarity they recognise between the considered instance and themselves. 相似文献
174.
A case is reported of an associative visual agnosic patient who could not draw from memory objects he could recognize, even though he could copy drawings flawlessly. His ability to generate mental visual images was found to be spared, as was his ability to operate upon mental images. These data suggest that the patient could generate mental images but could not draw from memory because he did not have access to stored knowledge about pictorial attributes of objects. A similar functional impairment can be found in some other visual agnosic patients and in patients affected by optic aphasia. The present case allows a discussion of relationships among drawing from memory, imagery, and copying procedures. 相似文献
175.
176.
C. Neil Macrae Galen V. Bodenhausen Alan B. Milne Luigi Castelli 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》1999,18(1):47-70
A pervasive problem in mental life is that of exemplar selectivity or how one isolates specific category members from other
instances of a class. This problem is particupared pronounced in person perception, where perceivers may routinely want to
personalize selected individuals while continuing to respond towards other members of the category in a stereotype-based manner.
To realize these flexible effects, we hypothesized that, when perceivers encounter a group member, they inevitably encode
an exemplar-based representation of the individual in mind. Part of this representation, moreover, is information signaling
the person's goodness-of-Fit with respect to his or her salient group memberships. When the representation is activated on
a subsequent occasion, these inferences of category fit moderate the extent of stereotypical thinking. The results of two
studies provided converging evidence for this analysis of stereotype function. Exemplar typicality moderated both the accessibility
of Stereotypic knowledge (Study 1) anxd the extent to which perceivers used a stereotype to organize information about a target
(Study 2). We consider the theoretical and practical implications of these findings for our understanding of the role of stereotypes
in person perception. 相似文献
177.
The present research argues that intergroup categorization has immediate behavioral consequences. Specifically, intergroup categorization is hypothesized to prepare the organism to respond differently to ingroup and outgroup members so that approach-like motor movements should be faster toward ingroup- versus outgroup-related stimuli. In contrast, avoidance-like behavior should be facilitated when reacting to outgroup versus ingroup members. Studies 1 and 2 test the basic hypothesis in relation to ethnic, national, age, and political categorization. Study 3 uses a minimal group paradigm to test the hypothesis in relation to newly formed groups. Across these experiments, participants were generally faster in performing approach-like motor movements toward ingroup members or avoidance behaviors toward outgroup members. The evolutionary function and the cognitive underpinnings of this state of "physical readiness" to approach ingroup and avoid outgroup members are discussed. 相似文献
178.
White children show marked ingroup race preferences and a relative devaluation of Black people. The origin of these early interracial attitudes is to a large extent still unclear. The studies here test the possibility that preschool-aged children are particularly sensitive to the nonverbal behaviors performed by White adults during interracial interactions. In Study 1, children were shown a video displaying an interaction between a White and a Black adult. Across conditions, the White adult's verbal behaviors were either friendly or neutral, whereas his nonverbal behaviors showed either easiness (e.g., closeness, high eye contact) or uneasiness (e.g., distance, avoidance of eye contact). Results revealed that participants shaped their attitudes toward the Black target accordingly, independently from the White adults' verbal behaviors. Study 2 replicated the basic findings and demonstrated that the observed effects generalized to other Black targets. Results are discussed in relation to current approaches to understanding the formation of racial attitudes among children. 相似文献
179.
It has recently been suggested that the concept of Functional Impulsivity bears some similarity to the sensitivity of the Behavioral Activation System (BAS; Smillie & Jackson, 2006). In the present research we take a closer look at this idea, testing more specific hypotheses on the associations of different BAS-related components with Functional and Dysfunctional Impulsivity. Analyzing a sample of 719, we found that the Drive component was uniquely connected with Functional Impulsivity, and Fun Seeking was linked to both impulsivities, but more weakly so to Functional Impulsivity compared with Drive. Reward Responsiveness was unrelated to Impulsivity. Implications for the conceptualization of Functional Impulsivity and for a complex view of BAS-related functions are addressed. 相似文献
180.
Stimuli simulating a corridor with a pole inside it were presented. The positions of the ends of the pole within the ceiling and ground of the corridor were the optical contacts of concern. The main hypothesis was that a difference between the simulated distances of these optical contacts may influence the apparent slant in depth of the pole. Two experiments were conducted, with 30 and 20 participants (university students). The tasks were a choice between three alternative responses (upward, downward, or no apparent slant) in the first experiment and matching by adjustment in the second. The results supported the hypothesized dependence of apparent slant on differences in optical contacts. The results also revealed a dependence of apparent slant on the interaction between the optical tilt of the pole and its position to the right or left of the vertical median through the stimulus. Comparisons between both effects showed that they combine in a cumulative way and that the former is weightier than the latter. Further findings were a privileged association between null optical tilt of the pole and the no apparent slant response and a bias (for poles with nonnull optical tilt) in favor of the upward apparent slant response. 相似文献