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151.
Recent evidence demonstrates that children are selective in their social learning, preferring to learn from a previously accurate speaker than from a previously inaccurate one. We examined whether children assessing speakers' reliability take into account how speakers achieved their prior accuracy. In Study 1, when faced with two accurate informants, 4- and 5-year-olds (but not 3-year-olds) were more likely to seek novel information from an informant who had previously given the answers unaided than from an informant who had always relied on help from a third party. Similarly, in Study 2, 4-year-olds were more likely to trust the testimony of an unaided informant over the testimony provided by an assisted informant. Our results indicate that when children reach around 4 years of age, their selective trust extends beyond simple generalizations based on informants' past accuracy to a more sophisticated selectivity that distinguishes between truly knowledgeable informants and merely accurate informants who may not be reliable in the long term. 相似文献
152.
Robinson OJ Letkiewicz AM Overstreet C Ernst M Grillon C 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2011,11(2):217-227
Individuals with anxiety disorders demonstrate altered cognitive performance including (1) cognitive biases towards negative
stimuli (affective biases) and (2) increased cognitive rigidity (e.g., impaired conflict adaptation) on affective Stroop tasks.
Threat of electric shock is frequently used to induce anxiety in healthy individuals, but the extent to which this manipulation
mimics the cognitive impairment seen in anxiety disorders is unclear. In this study, 31 healthy individuals completed an affective
Stroop task under safe and threat-of-shock conditions. We showed that threat (1) enhanced aversive processing and abolished
a positive affective bias but (2) had no effect on conflict adaptation. Threat of shock thus partially models the effects
of anxiety disorders on affective Stroop tasks. We suggest that the affective state of anxiety—which is common to both threat
and anxiety disorders—modulates the neural inhibition of subcortical aversive processing, whilst pathologies unique to anxiety
disorders modulate conflict adaptation. 相似文献
153.
154.
Benjamin M. Wilkowski Michael D. Robinson 《Personality and individual differences》2008,44(8):1807-1818
Psychopathy is both a clinical disorder and an individual difference dimension that is strongly predictive of antisocial behavior. The present work focuses on a dimensional understanding of psychopathy and recognizes the distinction between primary and secondary psychopathy. Following from the conceptualization of secondary psychopathy as a type of impulsivity which renders an individual less capable of learning from prior mistakes, the authors hypothesized that individuals high in secondary psychopathy would be less likely to adjust behavioral performance following errors. Two studies, involving a total of 104 undergraduate volunteers, were conducted. As hypothesized, individuals high in secondary (but not primary) psychopathy exhibited a reduced tendency to slow behavioral performance following errors. The findings highlight the manner in which an error self-regulation model can shed light on the processing basis of secondary psychopathy and its correlates. 相似文献
155.
This investigation explored three categories of college students’ perceptions of sexual assault: perceptions of similarity
to vignette characters, perceptions of vignette characters’ sexual intent, and victim-blaming behaviors, using a convenience
sample of 652 U.S. undergraduates and an on-line factorial survey containing a two-part heterosexual date rape vignette. This
investigation predicted that vignette character attire, character alcohol use, and participant gender would each significantly
influence perceptions in all three categories. Strong associations appeared between all three experimental variables and perceptions,
with characters that wore suggestive attire or became intoxicated perceived as less similar and having greater sexual intent
than characters that wore neutral attire or abstained. Few differences in actual victim-blaming appeared, likely because of
the elimination of hindsight bias. 相似文献
156.
Michael D. Robinson Benjamin M. Wilkowski 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2008,44(1):65-79
Four studies involving 230 undergraduates examined the interactive effects of dispositional approach and avoidance, as manifest in the traits of extraversion and neuroticism. Participants who were high in both traits or low in both traits exhibited less assertive knocking behavior (Study 1), had difficulties refraining from blinking (Study 2), and displayed more anxious behavior during a mental health interview (Study 3). Study 4 tested the idea that such extraversion by neuroticism interactions might be associated with difficulties in recognizing and responding to goal-relevant stimuli. Results involving a go/no go task confirmed this hypothesis. In total, the results highlight the manner in which the co-activation of dispositional motives related to approach and avoidance can compromise effective self-regulation. 相似文献
157.
Children's working understanding of knowledge sources: Confidence in knowledge gained from testimony
In three experiments, children aged between 3 and 5 years (N = 38, 52, 94; mean ages 3–7 to 5–2) indicated their confidence in their knowledge of the identity of a hidden toy. With the exception of some 3-year-olds, children revealed working understanding of their knowledge source by showing high confidence when they had seen or felt the toy, and lower confidence when they had been told its identity by an apparently well-informed speaker. Correct explicit source reports were not necessary for children to show relative uncertainty when the speaker subsequently doubted the adequacy of his access to the toy. After a 2-min delay, 3–4-year-olds, unlike 4–5-year-olds, failed to see the implications of the speaker's doubt about his access. 相似文献
158.
Leonard H. Epstein Jodie L. Robinson Jennifer L. Temple James N. Roemmich Angela Marusewski Rachel Nadbrzuch 《Learning and motivation》2008,39(3):243-255
The rate of habituation to food is inversely related to energy intake, and overweight children may habituate slower to food and consume more energy. This study compared patterns of sensitization, as defined by an initial increase in operant or motivated responding for food, and habituation, defined by gradual reduction in responding, for macaroni and cheese and pizza in overweight and non-overweight 8- to 12-year-old children. Non-overweight children habituated faster to both foods than overweight children (p = .03). All children recovered motivated responding for a new food (chocolate). Overweight children consumed more energy than non-overweight children (p = .0004). Children who showed a sensitization in responding consumed more food (p = .001), and sensitization moderated the effect of overweight on habituation, with slower habituation for overweight children who sensitized (p < .001). This study replicates previous data on overweight/non-overweight differences in habituation of food and energy intake, and provides new information that individual differences in sensitization and habituation of motivated responding to obtain food may be associated with a sustained motivation to eat, resulting in greater energy intake. 相似文献
159.
The effects of choice on intrinsic motivation and related outcomes: a meta-analysis of research findings 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A meta-analysis of 41 studies examined the effect of choice on intrinsic motivation and related outcomes in a variety of settings with both child and adult samples. Results indicated that providing choice enhanced intrinsic motivation, effort, task performance, and perceived competence, among other outcomes. Moderator tests revealed the effect of choice on intrinsic motivation was stronger (a) for instructionally irrelevant choices compared to choices made between activities, versions of a task, rewards, and instructionally relevant options, (b) when 2 to 4 successive choices were given, (c) when rewards were not given after the choice manipulation, (d) when participants given choice were compared to the most controlling forms of control groups, (e) for children compared to adults, (f) for designs that yoked choice and control conditions compared to matched designs in which choice was reduced or designs in which nonyoked, nonmatched controls were used, and (g) when the experiment was conducted in a laboratory embedded in a natural setting. Implications for future research and applications to real-world settings are discussed. 相似文献
160.
Trait anger is a robust predictor of the angry and aggressive response to hostile situational input, but it is important to better understand the mechanisms underlying this dimension of personality. The present two studies (total N=106) examined the possibility that individuals low in trait anger systematically recruit cognitive control resources within hostile contexts. These resources would likely be useful in facilitating emotion regulation operations. In support of this cognitive control framework, Experiment 1 found that low (but not high) trait anger individuals exhibited superior response-switching abilities in a hostile stimulus context. Experiment 2 conceptually replicated this pattern using a different cognitive control measure related to flanker interference effects. The convergence of findings across studies provides one likely mechanism for the reduced levels of reactivity at low levels of trait anger. Findings are discussed in relation to broader theories of trait anger and emotion regulation. 相似文献