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961.
Inferential reasoning by exclusion in pigeons, dogs, and humans 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The ability to reason by exclusion (which is defined as the selection of the correct alternative by logically excluding other
potential alternatives; Call in Anim Cogn 9:393–403 2006) is well established in humans. Several studies have found it to be present in some nonhuman species as well, whereas it
seems to be somewhat limited or even absent in others. As inconsistent methodology might have contributed to the revealed
inter-species differences, we examined reasoning by exclusion in pigeons (n = 6), dogs (n = 6), students (n = 6), and children (n = 8) under almost equal experimental conditions. After being trained in a computer-controlled two-choice procedure to discriminate
between four positive (S+) and four negative (S−) photographs, the subjects were tested with displays consisting of one S−
and one of four novel stimuli (S′). One pigeon, half of the dogs and almost all humans preferred S′ over S−, thereby choosing
either by novelty, or by avoiding S− without acquiring any knowledge about S′, or by inferring positive class membership of
S′ by excluding S−. To decide among these strategies the subjects that showed a preference for S′ were then tested with displays
consisting of one of the S′ and one of four novel stimuli (S′′). Although the pigeon preferentially chose the S′′ and by novelty,
dogs and humans maintained their preference for S′, thereby showing evidence of reasoning by exclusion. Taken together, the
results of the present study suggest that none of the pigeons, but half of the dogs and almost all humans inferred positive
class membership of S′ by logically excluding S−.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
相似文献
Ulrike AustEmail: |
962.
In 1995, the Pedigree Standardization Task Force (PSTF) of the National Society of Genetic Counselors (NSGC) proposed a system
of pedigree nomenclature. Recently, the PSTF (now called the Pedigree Standardization Work Group or PSWG) sought evidence
that the published symbols met the needs of health professionals, were incorporated into health professional training and
were utilized in publications. We searched PubMed and reference lists of select publications, reviewed the Instructions for
Authors of several journals, searched the websites of professional societies, sought comment from the membership of the NSGC,
and looked at recommendations and training practices of various health professional organizations. Many journals still do
not cite specific standards for pedigrees, but those found cited the PSTF nomenclature. We did not find significant objections
or alternatives to the 1995 nomenclature. Based on our review, we propose only a few minor stylistic changes to the pedigree
symbols. The pedigree nomenclature of the NSGC is the only consistently acknowledged standard for drawing a family health
history. We recommend regular and continued review of these pedigree standards to determine if additional symbols are needed
to accommodate changes in clinical practice to ensure that the symbols continue to meet the needs of health professionals
and researchers as well as adhere to evolving ethical and privacy standards. All health professionals, trainees, and researchers
should be made aware of the utility of using a common pedigree nomenclature in clinical practice and publication. This will
become particularly important as electronic medical records become more widely utilized. 相似文献
963.
V. Robin Weersing Araceli Gonzalez John V. Campo Amanda N. Lucas 《Cognitive and behavioral practice》2008,15(2):126-139
Mood and anxiety disorders in youth are disabling, distressing, and prevalent. Furthermore, depression and anxiety frequently co-exist, may share several etiological factors, and respond to similar interventions. In this paper, we report preliminary results from a treatment adaptation project designed to condense existing cognitive behavioral therapy protocols for anxiety and depression to their core components and combine them into a brief, integrated treatment suitable for the broad population of internalizing youth seen in primary care. Specifically, we discuss: (a) the rationale for targeting anxiety and depression in pediatric primary care and the deployment-focused treatment development model; (b) the content of our behaviorally based treatment program; and (c) clinical outcomes of 2 sample cases with comorbid depression and anxiety. 相似文献
964.
Betsy D. Kennard Sunita M. Stewart Jennifer L. Hughes Robin B. Jarrett Graham J. Emslie 《Cognitive and behavioral practice》2008,15(4):387-399
Relapse rates for children and adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD) range from 30% to 40% within 1 to 2 years after acute treatment. Although relapse rates are high, there have been relatively few studies on the prevention of relapse in youth. While acute phase pharmacotherapy has been shown to reduce symptoms rapidly in depressed youth, children and adolescents frequently report ongoing residual symptoms and often relapse following acute treatment. Recent adult trials have begun examining augmentation with psychosocial treatment after successful medication treatment to enhance medication response and prevent future relapse. This strategy has not yet been examined in youth with depression. Here we present initial efforts to develop a sequential, combination treatment strategy to promote rapid remission and to prevent relapse in depressed youth. We describe efforts to adapt CBT to prevent relapse (RP-CBT) in youth who respond to pharmacotherapy. The goals of RP-CBT include: preventing relapse, increasing wellness, and developing skills to promote and sustain well-being. We describe the rationale for, components of, and methods used to develop RP-CBT. The results from a small open series sample demonstrate feasibility and indicate that youth appear to tolerate RP-CBT well. A future test of the treatment in a randomized controlled trial is described. 相似文献
965.
966.
Kiki V. Roe Arnold Roe Antonia Drivas Robin Bronstein 《Infant mental health journal》1990,11(2):175-189
This article presents data from four independent studies on the relationship between quantity of maternal vocal stimulation during naturalistic conditions and 3-month-old infants' cognitive processing, as assessed by the infants' differential vocal responsiveness (DVR) to their mother versus a female stranger. In two of the studies, the subjects were full-term American infants whose parents came from a wide socio-educational and ethnic background. In the third study, the subjects were low-risk preterm infants of White American parents. In the fourth study the subjects were full-term infants in Greece. The results from all four studies showed a curvilinear relationship between DVR and maternal vocal stimulation during naturalistic conditions. High DVR was associated with a mid-level amount of maternal vocal stimulation, whereas low DVR was associated with both least and most maternal vocal stimulation. These studies raise the question of possible adverse effects of social overstimulation on infant development. 相似文献
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