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181.
Three studies (Ns = 200, 135, and 187 college undergraduates) contrasted process versus content accounts of eyewitness metamemory monitoring. Subjective vividness, a cue related to memory content, was a better predictor of confidence and accuracy than were cues related to the retrieval process. Participants who were asked to recall, rather than recognize, event details displayed greater insight into accuracy, primarily because vividness was a more valid accuracy cue under recall conditions. Results reinforce the value of recall-based protocols for eliciting eyewitness testimony and suggest some specific conditions (e.g., yes-no recognition) under which investigators should be especially cautious in relying on confidence to infer accuracy. In addition, results point to a general framework for understanding moderating effects on eyewitness metamemory accuracy. 相似文献
182.
183.
Robertson JA 《The American journal of bioethics : AJOB》2001,1(1):2-9
Safe and effective methods of preconception gender selection through flow cytometric separation of X- and Y-bearing sperm could greatly increase the use of gender selection by couples contemplating reproduction. Such a development raises ethical, legal, and social issues about the impact of such practices on offspring, on sex ratio imbalances, and on sexism and the status of women. This paper analyzes the competing interests in preconception gender selection, and concludes that its use to increase gender variety in a family, and possible for selecting the gender of firstborn, might in many instances be ethically acceptable. 相似文献
184.
This paper starts by considering an argument for thinking that predictive processing (PP) is representational. This argument suggests that the Kullback–Leibler (KL)-divergence provides an accessible measure of misrepresentation, and therefore, a measure of representational content in hierarchical Bayesian inference. The paper then argues that while the KL-divergence is a measure of information, it does not establish a sufficient measure of representational content. We argue that this follows from the fact that the KL-divergence is a measure of relative entropy, which can be shown to be the same as covariance (through a set of additional steps). It is well known that facts about covariance do not entail facts about representational content. So there is no reason to think that the KL-divergence is a measure of (mis-)representational content. This paper thus provides an enactive, non-representational account of Bayesian belief optimisation in hierarchical PP. 相似文献
185.
Aging and intraindividual variability in performance: analyses of response time distributions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
It has been suggested that older adults are more variable in their performance because they are more prone to lapses of either attention or intention. In the present experiment, 9 young and 9 older adults each performed nearly 2000 trials of a same-different judgment task. As expected, older adults were slower and more variable than young adults. When the age-related difference in speed was taken into account, however, the older adults were, if anything, less variable than the young adults. When younger and older adults' RT distributions were analyzed using quantile-quantile plots and by fitting ex-Gaussian and Weibull functions, there was no consistent evidence that older adults' distributions were more skewed than young adults', as would be predicted by age-related increases in lapses of attention or intention. Importantly, there was a positive, linear relation between RT and intraindividual variability, and the same relation was observed both within subjects (practice increased speed and reduced variability) as well as between subjects (regardless of age, slower individuals were more variable). Thus, the present results suggest that there may be a general law governing the relation between average RT and variability, and that the greater performance variability of older adults primarily reflects their greater average RTs. 相似文献
186.
The purposes of this investigation were to identify a zone of normality for ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and to compare the RPE responses in patients with coronary artery disease to this zone. The zone was generated from RPE estimated during the last minute of each stage of a Bruce treadmill test in 44 normal adult men. RPE were regressed against the corresponding MET level for each exercise stage. The zone was established as the 95% confidence interval (CI) spanning the average RPE vs MET regression line. RPE estimated during the last 1.0 min. of a Bruce or Modified Balke treadmill test administered to adult men (n=37) with coronary artery disease were compared to the 95% CI zone. A total of 19 (51%) of the coronary artery disease patients estimated RPE during a progressively incremented treadmill test that were above the zone, indicating a comparatively greater than normal perception of strain for a given metabolic stress. The presently generated zone provides a practical use of RPE in the interpretation of clinical exercise tests. 相似文献
187.
Schweinberger SR Robertson D Kaufmann JM 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2007,60(10):1446-1456
While audiovisual integration is well known in speech perception, faces and speech are also informative with respect to speaker recognition. To date, audiovisual integration in the recognition of familiar people has never been demonstrated. Here we show systematic benefits and costs for the recognition of familiar voices when these are combined with time-synchronized articulating faces, of corresponding or noncorresponding speaker identity, respectively. While these effects were strong for familiar voices, they were smaller or nonsignificant for unfamiliar voices, suggesting that the effects depend on the previous creation of a multimodal representation of a person's identity. Moreover, the effects were reduced or eliminated when voices were combined with the same faces presented as static pictures, demonstrating that the effects do not simply reflect the use of facial identity as a “cue” for voice recognition. This is the first direct evidence for audiovisual integration in person recognition. 相似文献
188.
Many patients who receive cognitive-behavioral therapy experience sudden gains that are associated with improved treatment response and decreased risk of relapse. Extending prior research, this study examined sudden gains among depressed cancer patients receiving brief (9-session) behavioral activation therapy. Fifty percent of patients experienced sudden gains of large magnitude (M = 11.8 BDI-II points), with sudden gains associated with improved treatment response and maintenance of gains at 3-month follow-up. Relative to those without sudden gains, at pretreatment assessment, cancer patients with sudden gains were more likely to present with less severe depression, less somatic anxiety, fewer coexistent anxiety disorders, as well as less bodily pain, better overall physical functioning, and fewer problems with daily activities as a result of emotional problems. These findings provide increasing support for behavioral activation with a difficult-to-treat population but raise important questions regarding mechanism of change. Clinical implications for treating depressed cancer patients are discussed. 相似文献
189.
David J. Robertson Jennifer Black Bethany Chamberlain Ahmed M. Megreya Josh P. Davis 《Applied cognitive psychology》2020,34(1):205-216
The accurate identification of an unfamiliar individual from a face photo is a critical factor in several applied situations (e.g., border control). Despite this, matching faces to photographic ID is highly prone to error. In lieu of effective training measures, which could reduce face matching errors, the selection of “super-recognisers” (SRs) provides the most promising route to combat misidentification or fraud. However, to date, super-recognition has been defined and tested using almost exclusively “own-race” face memory and matching tests. Here, across three studies, we test Caucasian participants' performance on own- and other-race face identification tasks (GFMT, MFMT, CFMT+, EFMT, CFMT-Chinese). Our findings show that compared to controls, high-performing typical recognisers (Studies 1 and 2) and SRs (Study 3) show superior performance on both the own- and other-race tests. These findings suggest that recruiting SRs in ethnically diverse applied settings could be advantageous. 相似文献
190.
A computational theory of hemispheric asymmetries in perception (double filtering by frequency) is described. Its central tenet is that the cerebral hemispheres first perform symmetric filtering of visual and auditory information. Functional hemispheric asymmetry arises from a second filtering stage (containing filters skewed in different directions in the two hemispheres). The first stage selects a range of task-relevant spatial or auditory frequencies from the absolute values. This range is passed to the asymmetric filters. In this way, the hemispheric difference becomes one of relative rather than absolute information. Behavioral deficits due to unilateral lesions in neurological patients and neuroimaging and electrophysiological measures in normal subjects implicate posterior cortex in these hemispheric differences. 相似文献