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131.
Michael M. Steele Amanda S. Lochrie Michael C. Roberts 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2010,17(2):103-115
Often the burden of identifying children with behavioral or developmental problems is left up to the primary care physician
(PCP). However, previous literature shows that PCPs consistently underidentify children with developmental/behavioral problems
in pediatric primary care. For the current study, questionnaires containing three vignettes followed by questions addressing
common psychosocial problems, general questions about their practice and training, and the Physician Belief Scale were distributed
to physicians. Results indicated that physicians were better at identifying severe problems, had more difficulty identifying
psychosocial problems with mild symptomatology, and tended to refer to a medical specialist or mental health professional
more often for severe problems, depression or a developmental problem. Physicians tended to view treating psychosocial problems
favorably. 相似文献
132.
Tom Roberts 《Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences》2010,9(1):101-111
Sensorimotor theories understand perception to be a process of active, exploratory engagement with the environment, mediated
by the possession and exercise of a certain body of knowledge concerning sensorimotor dependencies. This paper aims to characterise
that exercise, and to show that it places constraints upon the content of sensorimotor knowledge itself. Sensorimotor mastery
is exercised when it is put to use in the service of intentional action-planning and selection, and this rules out certain
standard readings of sensorimotor contingency knowledge. Rather than holding between movements and sensory inputs or appearances,
sensorimotor contingencies concern the suite of ways in which an object can be revealed through exploration. Sensorimotor
knowledge is thus directed through experience to the world itself. 相似文献
133.
Roberts B Glasberg BR Moore BC 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2008,34(4):992-1006
The tendency to hear a tone sequence as 2 or more streams (segregated) builds up, but a sudden change in properties can reset the percept to 1 stream (integrated). This effect has not hitherto been explored using an objective measure of streaming. Stimuli comprised a 2.0-s fixed-frequency inducer followed by a 0.6-s test sequence of alternating pure tones (3 low [L]-high [H] cycles). Listeners compared intervals for which the test sequence was either isochronous or the H tones were slightly delayed. Resetting of segregation should make identifying the anisochronous interval easier. The HL frequency separation was varied (0-12 semitones), and properties of the inducer and test sequence were set to the same or different values. Inducer properties manipulated were frequency, number of onsets (several short bursts vs. one continuous tone), tone:silence ratio (short vs. extended bursts), level, and lateralization. All differences between the inducer and the L tones reduced temporal discrimination thresholds toward those for the no-inducer case, including properties shown previously not to affect segregation greatly. Overall, it is concluded that abrupt changes in a sequence cause resetting and improve subsequent temporal discrimination. 相似文献
134.
Grant W. Edmonds Joshua J. Jackson Jennifer V. Fayard Brent W. Roberts 《Social and Personality Psychology Compass》2008,2(1):399-413
Different perspectives on personality development propose a range of possible degrees to which traits are free to change, from hardly at all to very much. This essay reviews the empirical evidence on just how consistent and changeable personality traits are across the life course. To gain a thorough perspective on personality trait development, we review developmental studies that focus on three different types of change: rank‐order consistency, mean level change, and individual level change. Starting in late childhood, personality traits exhibit modest levels of rank‐order consistency that increase with age. In addition personality traits show mean level changes, especially in young adulthood, that are consistent with the idea of increasing maturity. Finally, despite these general trends in personality continuity and change, there is evidence that individuals may change in ways that contradict general trends and that these individual differences in change are related to life experiences. 相似文献
135.
Richard W. Puddy Richard E. Boles Meredith L. Dreyer Julie Maikranz Michael C. Roberts Eric M. Vernberg 《Journal of child and family studies》2008,17(2):253-263
We illustrate the use of formative and summative assessment in evaluating a therapeutic classroom program for children with
serious emotional disturbances. Information was analyzed based on data gathered for clinical decision-making during treatment
(formative assessment) and measurement of outcomes at discharge (summative assessment) from a school-based Intensive Mental
Health Program. Results indicated that overall ratings of daily indicators of behavior across all environments (therapeutic
classroom, neighborhood school, and home) were predictive of functioning at discharge. An ecological approach during the formative
assessment period of evaluation is important as compared to only examining individual environments. Formative assessment techniques
can predict scores on a summative assessment measure. Thus, we found supportive evidence for the formative and summative procedures
used in the Intensive Mental Health Program for therapeutic interventions, clinical decision-making, and outcomes assessment. 相似文献
136.
Michael C. Roberts Eric M. Vernberg Bridget K. Biggs Camille J. Randall Anne K. Jacobs 《Journal of child and family studies》2008,17(2):277-289
The Intensive Mental Health Program meets the needs for services in school systems for children with serious emotional disturbances
and for training graduate students in clinical applications with a difficult-to-serve population. We address the range of
challenges and rewards experienced in the development of the comprehensive intervention program, the continued maintenance
of program elements, and the program evaluation. 相似文献
137.
Three experiments are reported that examine the masking effect on the detection of kinesthetic targets from noise presented simultaneously on the same hand or on a different hand as the target. Performance was facilitated when noise on the two hands was correlated versus uncorrelated or when it occurred on just one hand. The data are consistent with correlated input on the two hands being compared and used to reduce noise effects. Moreover, participants ignored uncorrelated noise from nontarget hands when they knew in which hand the targets would occur. There was no effect of shifts from uncorrelated to correlated noise 200 msec prior to targets, suggesting that such bottom-up changes were insufficient to induce comparison across the hands. In contrast, shifts from correlated to uncorrelated noise 200 msec prior to the target had performance at the same level as that with uncorrelated noise throughout the trial. This result indicates that the loss of correlation was detected within this interval and thatwhen the target's location was known, participants were then able to switch attention to the target hand. The interactions between attentional filtering and the correlation on the processing of bilateral kinesthetic inputs are discussed. 相似文献
138.
Native speakers of languages perceive differences in the acceptability of phrases even when those phrases are both grammatical and novel (previously unseen). We suggest that smoothing, a statistical technique used by natural language processing engineers, provides several candidate mechanisms for investigating this phenomenon. We describe the creation of a large data set of predictions from several smoothing algorithms about the acceptability of unseen grammatical phrases and a novel experimental method for the pairwise comparison of these models. We use this method to compare three smoothing methods and consider the results in light of the differences among the models. We argue that the data support the idea that similarity in this domain is best thought of as a form of asymmetric representational distortion and that the informational basis over which such estimates are made is broad, rather than narrow, as has been previously suggested. 相似文献
139.
Creativity researchers are increasingly interested in understanding when, how, and for whom creativity can be beneficial. Previous reviews have demonstrated that creativity research largely ignores the study of its impact on factors that promote health, and well-being among populations of adults. It is unclear, in fact, whether this gap in research also extends to creativity research among young children. This paper addresses this issue. Early childhood is a crucial stage for the cognitive development of young children who remain highly sensitive to stress, and adversity. It is therefore essential to identify and promote factors that are beneficial to early childhood resilience, thereby contributing to documenting more of the effects of creative activities on positive outcomes. This paper presents a review with a bibliometric analysis of 1000 randomly selected articles from the Web of Science, without bias towards any specific peer-reviewed journal. The analysis of 454 included articles shows that approximately 80% of the included studies focus on creativity as an outcome (replicating previous findings with a larger sample), with only 3.78% investigating creative activities as predictors among young children. In this small percentage, most of the studies addressed creative activities in young children related to resilience outcomes. 相似文献
140.
Qualitative research is experiencing a resurgence within the field of psychology. This study aimed to explore the range of attitudes towards qualitative research in psychology held by students and academics, using the model of attitudes by Eagly and Chaiken as a framework. Twenty‐one psychology students and academics were interviewed about their attitudes towards qualitative research. Interviews were transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis. While qualitative research was described as inherent to the psychology profession and useful for generating rich data, some participants felt that this approach was not well respected or considered as legitimate as quantitative methods. Reflecting common misperceptions about qualitative research, participants also expressed concerns that qualitative research was too subjective and had limited generalisability. Furthermore, some participants felt that they lacked the skills and confidence necessary to conduct qualitative research. Large investments in time and resources were identified as barriers to undertaking qualitative research. Identifying attitudes towards qualitative research provides a basis for future work in dispelling myths, promoting attitudinal change and increasing both the use and teaching of qualitative approaches in psychology. 相似文献