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241.
The present meta-analysis examined the stability of vocational interests from early adolescence (age 12) to middle adulthood (age 40). Stability was represented by rank-order and profile correlations. Interest stability remained unchanged during much of adolescence and increased dramatically during the college years (age 18-21.9), where it remained for the next 2 decades. Analyses of potential moderators showed that retest time interval was negatively related to interest stability and that rank-order stability was less stable than profile stability. Although cohort standings did not moderate stability, interests of the 1940s birth cohort were less stable than those of other cohorts. Furthermore, interests reflecting hands-on physical activities and self-expressive/artistic activities were more stable than scientific, social, enterprising, and clerical interests. Vocational interests showed substantial continuity over time, as evidenced by their higher longitudinal stability when compared with rank-order stability of personality traits. The findings are discussed in the context of psychosocial development. 相似文献
242.
This research examined the association of having a tattoo and engaging in premarital sexual intercourse. Data gathered from a convenience sample of 450 college students indicated that tattooed respondents were substantively and significantly more likely to be sexually active than nontattooed college students. Tattooed men became sexually active at a significantly earlier age than nontattooed men but no such difference was found between tattooed and nontattooed college women. 相似文献
243.
The allocation of human participants to resources was studied by observing the population dynamics of people interacting in
real time within a common virtual world. Resources were distributed in two spatially separated pools with varying relative
reinforcement rates (50–50, 65–35, or 80–20). We manipulated whether the participants could see each other and the distribution
of the resources. When the participants could see each other but not the resources, the richer pool was underutilized. When
the participants could see the resources but not each other, the richer pool was overutilized. In conjunction with prior experiments
that correlated the visibility of agents and resources (Goldstone & Ashpole, 2004), these results indicate that participants’
foraging decisions are influenced by both forager and resource information. The results suggest that the presence of a crowd
at a resource is a deterring, rather than an attractive, factor. Both fast and slow oscillations in the harvesting rates of
the pools across time were revealed by Fourier analyses. The slow waves of crowd migration were most prevalent when the resources
were invisible, whereas the fast cycles were most prevalent when the resources were visible and the participants were invisible. 相似文献
244.
Morrison I Lloyd D di Pellegrino G Roberts N 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2004,4(2):270-278
Results obtained with functional magnetic resonance imaging show that both feeling a moderately painful pinprick stimulus
to the fingertips and witnessing another person’s hand undergo similar stimulation are associated with common activity in
a pain-related area in the right dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Common activity in response to noxious tactile and
visual stimulation was restricted to the right inferior Brodmann’s area 24b. These results suggest a shared neural substrate
for felt and seen pain for aversive ecological events happening to strangers and in the absence of overt symbolic cues. In
contrast to ACC 24b, the primary somatosensory cortex showed significant activations in response to both noxious and innocuous
tactile, but not visual, stimuli. The different response patterns in the two areas are consistent with the ACC’s role in coding
the motivational-affective dimension of pain, which is associated with the preparation of behavioral responses to aversive
events. 相似文献
245.
We examined whether the time course of exogenous spatial-cuing effects is sensitive to the allocation of attention in time.
Expectation for a target within a particular time window following the cue was manipulated by varying the proportion of trials
that appeared at each of three stimulus onset asynchronies in both a detection task and a two-alternative forced-choice discrimination
task. The time course of spatial-cuing effects was sensitive to the temporal expectation manipulation only in the discrimination
task. The results are discussed with reference to the role of attentional set in exogenous spatialcuing paradigms. 相似文献
246.
Bowen DJ Singal R Eng E Crystal S Burke W 《Cultural diversity & ethnic minority psychology》2003,9(1):79-87
This study explored the associations between 2 dimensions of Jewish identity (cultural identification and religious practice) and intentions to perform breast cancer screening. Ashkenazi Jewish women (N = 220) completed surveys as part of an ongoing study of breast cancer risk counseling. Multiple regressions examined the relationships between the 2 identity measures and intention to follow routine recommendations for mammography, intention to perform monthly breast self-exam, and interest in genetic testing for breast cancer susceptibility. Cultural identity positively predicted interest in testing, whereas religious identity was inversely related. Religious identity was a significant predictor of intention to adhere to mammography recommendations. Findings show that culture and religion, although correlated, may have different associations with health attitudes. 相似文献
247.
Despite the intense debate surrounding the use of orthographic analogy in the clue word paradigm, little is known about the skills and strategies children actually use and how these compare with their everyday reading of single words. This study, with 4- and 5-year-olds (N=125), supports previous work which suggests children rely on phonological, rather than orthographic, priming in the clue word task since children most frequently produced rhyming words in response to the clue word. The extent to which phoneme and rhyme-based skills, along with letter-sound knowledge, predicted children's performance in the analogy task and in a test of single word reading was contrasted and compared. Our findings suggested that the balance of skills which children drew upon was determined by the demands of the task. The implications of these findings for the validity of the 'orthographic'-analogy task and for teaching beginning readers is discussed. 相似文献
248.
249.
We investigated the perceptual grouping of sequentially presented sounds--auditory stream segregation. It is well established that sounds heard as more similar in quality, or timbre, are more likely to be grouped into the same auditory stream. However, it is often unclear exactly what acoustic factors determine timbre. In this study, we presented various sequences of simple sounds, each comprising two frequency components (two-tone complexes), and measured their perceptual grouping. We varied only one parameter between trials, the intercomponent separation for some of the complexes, and examined the effects on stream segregation. Four hypotheses are presented that might predict the extent of streaming. Specifically, least streaming might be expected when the sounds were most similar in either (1) the frequency regions in which they have energy (maximum spectral overlap), (2) their auditory bandwidths, (3) their relative bandwidths, or (4) the rate at which the two components beat together (intermodulation rate). It was found that least streaming occurred when sounds were most similar in either their auditory or their relative bandwidths. Although these two hypotheses could not be distinguished, the results were clearly different from those predicted by hypotheses (1) and (4). The implications for models of stream segregation are discussed. 相似文献
250.
Purdy JE Roberts AC Garcia CA 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》1999,113(4):443-449
Two groups of cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) were used to demonstrate classical conditioning in this species and to determine whether the resulting approach response would be that of sign tracking or goal tracking. For cuttlefish in the paired condition, a flashing light was presented at one end of a long tank followed by food dropped into the center of the tank. For cuttlefish in the unpaired condition, food was dropped into the center of the tank either before or after the flashing-light stimulus. Paired cuttlefish oriented to the light, positioned themselves within striking distance, and occasionally attacked the light. Unpaired cuttlefish showed no reliable response to either stimulus. The results demonstrate that cuttlefish are capable of signal learning and that, under the conditions tested, cuttlefish sign tracked. This study begins a comparative analysis of learning in cuttlefish and offers a possible ecological advantage for sign-tracking behavior. 相似文献